The interpretation of the causation 'by reason of' may not be limited to harm which is directly caused by the indiscriminate violence or by acts that emanate from the actors in the conflict. To a certain extent, it may also include the indirect effect of indiscriminate violence in situations of armed conflict. As long as there is a demonstrable link to the indiscriminate violence, such elements may be taken into account in the assessments, for example: destruction of the necessary means to survive, destruction of infrastructure, criminality.
For further general guidance on Article 15(c) QD/QR, see the section 'Serious and individual threat to a civilian's life or person by reason of indiscriminate violence in situations of international or internal armed conflict', p.30, of the EUAA Practical Guide: Qualification for international protection.
Please note that in areas where it would be generally considered that a civilian would not be affected by indiscriminate violence within the meaning of Article 15(c) QD/QR, this does not imply that these areas are considered safe areas for any applicant. All circumstances specific to the applicant's individual case have to be thoroughly assessed.