Home Country Guidance: Syria 1. Actors of persecution or serious harm New version of this publication is available Table of Contents Introduction Guidance note General remarks, including the implications of leaving Syria 1. Actors of persecution or serious harm 2. Refugee status Guidance on particular profiles 3. Subsidiary protection Article 15(a) QD Article 15(b) QD Article 15(c) QD 4. Actors of protection 5. Internal protection alternative Part of the country Safety Travel and admittance Reasonableness to settle 6. Exclusion a. Crime against peace, war crime or crime against humanity b. Serious (non-political) crime c. Acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the UN d. Danger to the community or the security of the Member State Common analysis General remarks, including the implications of leaving Syria 1. Actors of persecution or serious harm Preliminary remarks Overview: areas of control 1.1. The Government of Syria and associated armed groups 1.2. Syrian Democratic Forces and Asayish 1.3. Anti-government armed groups 1.4. Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) 1.5. Other non-State actors 2. Refugee status Preliminary remarks Analysis of particular profiles 2.1. Persons perceived to be opposing the government 2.1.1. Members of anti-government armed groups 2.1.2. Political activists, opposition party members and protesters seen as opposing the government 2.1.3 Civilians originating from areas associated with opposition to the government 2.2. Persons who evaded or deserted military service 2.2.1. Draft evaders 2.2.2. Military deserters and defectors 2.3. Persons with perceived links to ISIL 2.4. Members of and persons perceived to be collaborating with the SDF and YPG 2.5. Persons perceived to be opposing the SDF/YPG 2.6. Persons fearing forced or child recruitment by Kurdish forces 2.7. Persons associated with the Government of Syria 2.7.1. Members of the Government of Syria and Baath party officials 2.7.2. Members of government armed forced and pro-government armed groups 2.7.3 Civilians perceived to be supporting the government 2.8. Journalists, other media professionals and citizen journalists 2.9. Human rights activists 2.10. Doctors, other medical personnel and civil defence volunteers 2.11. Ethno-religious groups 2.11.1. Sunni Arabs 2.11.2. Kurds 2.11.3. Druze 2.11.4. Alawites 2.11.5. Christians 2.11.6. Yazidis 2.11.7. Palestinians 2.12. Women 2.12.1. Violence against women and girls: overview 2.12.2. Women perceived to be associated with anti-government armed groups 2.12.3. Forced and child marriage 2.12.4. Women perceived to have violated family honour 2.12.5. Single women and female-headed households 2.13. Children 2.13.1. Violence against children: overview 2.13.2. Child recruitment 2.13.3. Child labour 2.13.4. Child marriage 2.13.5. Access to education 2.13.6. Lack of documentation 2.14. LGBTI persons 3. Subsidiary protection 3.1. Article 15(a) QD 3.2. Article 15(b) QD 3.3. Article 15(c) QD 3.3.1. Preliminary remarks 3.3.2. Armed conflict (international or internal) 3.3.3. Qualification of a person as a ‘civilian’ 3.3.4. Indiscriminate violence 3.3.4.1. Indicators 3.3.4.2. Overview 3.3.4.3. Assessment by governorate Aleppo Damascus Dar'a Deir Ez-Zor Hama Hasaka Homs Idlib Latakia Quneitra Raqqa Rural Damascus Sweida Tartous 3.3.5. Serious and individual threat 3.3.6. Qualification of the harm as ‘threat to (a civilian’s) life or person' 3.3.7. Nexus/’by reason of’ 4. Actors of protection 4.1. The State 4.2. Parties or organisations 5. Internal protection alternative 5.1. Preliminary remarks 5.2. Part of the country 5.3. Safety 5.4. Travel and admittance 5.5. Reasonableness to settle 5.5.1. General situation 5.5.2. Individual circumstances 5.5.3. Conclusions on reasonableness 6. Exclusion 6.1. Preliminary remarks 6.2. Exclusion grounds 6.2.1. Crime against peace, war crime, or crime against humanity 6.2.2. Serious (non-political) crime 6.2.3. Acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the UN 6.2.4. Danger to the community or the security of the Member State 6.3. Relevant circumstances 6.3.1. The Syrian intervention in the Lebanese civil war and presence in Lebanon (1976 – 2005) 6.3.2. The Muslim Brotherhood Uprising in Syria (1979-1982) 6.3.3. Current conflicts (2011 – ongoing) 6.3.4. Criminal activity 6.4. Guidance with regard to Syria Abbreviations and glossary COI references Relevant case law Share Print This chapter includes the following sections: Preliminary remarks Overview: areas of control 1.1. The Government of Syria and associated armed groups 1.2. Syrian Democratic Forces and Asayish 1.3. Anti-government armed groups 1.4. Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) 1.5. Other non-State actors Book traversal links for 1. Actors of persecution or serious harm Previous Parent Next
