In the period 14–17 July 2024, student protests continued to mainly take place on or near university campuses across the country.1368 Chhatra League supporters, and at times also other Awami League supporters, launched attacks against protesters,1369 which were incited by senior officials, according to UN OHCHR. The same source reported that the police ‘consistently failed to intervene’ to protect students.1370 Students however continued to protest and often defended themselves1371 by fighting back.1372 Meanwhile, ‘[a]s the Chhatra League was outnumbered and unable to supress protests, the police ‘assumed a more forceful role’, as reported by UN OHCHR, and made use of, inter alia, teargas, rubber bullets, and live-loaded shotguns. In some cases, Awami League supporters carried out attacks ‘in support of the police’, according to the same source.1373 Security forces, including para-military units, were deployed to support the police in containing protests, including Bangladesh Ansar and Village Defence Party, the Border Guards Bangladesh (BGB),1374 Armed Police Battalions1375 as well as the Directorate-General of Armed Forces Intelligence (DGFI).1376
14 July 2024: In the evening, Hasina escalated tensions by a comment that some viewed as insinuating that student protesters were descendants of razakars.1377 Several ministers subsequently overtly labelled student protesters as razakars in public statements.1378 Hasina’s comment triggered countrywide protests the same evening, during which students chanted sarcastic slogans1379 such as ‘Who are you? Who am I? Razakar, Razakar!’.1380 During the night, the Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission instructed mobile operators to shut down mobile internet services around major universities.1381 At some campuses, students staging evening protests were attacked by armed Chhatra League supporters1382 including at:
- Jahangirnagar University (Dhaka Division): The Chhatra League attacked students with rods and sticks,1383 and threatened female students with sexual violence.1384
- Begum Rokeya University (Rangpur City): Chhatra League supporters attacked students with rods, sticks and knives, in an ‘apparently premediated’ attack, as reported by UN OHCHR.1385
- Chittagong University (Chattogram Division), students were attacked by Chhatra League supporters1386 that reportedly threw crude bombs.1387
- Shahjalal University of Science and Technology (Sylhet City), students were attacked by Chhatra League supporters1388 – the Daily Observer reported on 2 000 students clashing with the Chhatra League in front of the central library.1389
Also at Dhaka University’s campus, students held an evening protest,1390 and female students broke through the night locks of their dormitories to join it.1391 During the night, Awami League supporters were transported to the campus, some armed with sharp and blunt weapons, and ‘established an intimidating presence’.1392 The Chhatra League president addressed supporters on campus, saying that no razakars would be left on the streets the next day,1393 and called upon Chhatra League leaders in ‘every district, city, university, and educational institution’ to ‘deal’ with protesters.1394
15 July 2024: senior Awami League officials mobilised the Chhatra League to carry out armed attacks against student protesters at several universities, according to UN OHCHR.1395 Other sources reported on Quader publicly threatening ‘to send the Chhatra League after student protesters’ in response to their razakar slogan.1396 Following violent clashes with protesters, the Chhatra League claimed to have been provoked by students ‘self-identifying’ as razakars,1397 and mocking ‘Bangladeshi independence’.1398 About 300 people were reportedly injured in clashes, in which both sides engaged in stone-throwing and beatings with rods.1399 Some events include:
- Dhaka University: competing protests between the student protests and the Chhatra League1400 turned violent as the two sides eventually clashed in front of Bijoy Ekattor Hall.1401 The situation escalated,1402 with both sides throwing bricks and other objects at each other,1403 and engaging in chases and counter-chases with iron rods and sticks.1404 Chhatra League supporters prepositioned around campus, and many were wearing motorcycle helmets1405 and were armed1406 with wooden rods, hockey sticks, and steel pipes,1407 and also machetes, axes, and in some cases, pistols, according to UN OHCHR. The same source reported on some students arming themselves in response, ‘with sticks, pipes and bamboo rods’.1408 In the afternoon, Chhatra League supporters launched an attack against student protesters.1409 A witness told the Daily Star that they were chasing, kicking, and beating students with wooden rods.1410 UN OHCHR reported that protesters could not escape the campus as Chhatra League supporters were blocking key exits, which pushed many protesters to defend themselves by force.1411 Female protesters were also attacked.1412 A victim told media that the Chhatra League attacked the front of the procession, where most female students were marching.1413 Women protesters were struck with sticks,1414 causing head injuries and severe injuries to their hands and feet.1415 Witnesses described how some women were beaten while lying on the ground crying,1416 and some were also threatened with rape.1417 Some female protesters hid in a bus parked on campus,1418 but a victim told local media that Chhatra League members dragged out and beat up people.1419 The police arrived after 30 minutes, but did not intervene1420 – even though violence was escalating.1421 Hundreds of people were injured1422 and many student protesters as well as Chhatra League supporters1423 sought care at nearby Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH).1424 Chhatra League supporters entered the facilities several times and maintained presence outside, scaring off students approaching the hospital.1425 In the evening, Chhatra League supporters stormed the hospital,1426 armed with sticks and wearing helmets,1427 and beat up students seeking care.1428 According to UN OHCHR, they caused additional injuries to already injured students, and also beat up medical personnel.1429 The Daily Star reported that also three injured Chhatra League supporters were beaten up by students at the hospital,1430 and both sides moreover engaged in chases1431 and hurled brickbats in front of the hospital.1432
- Jahangirnagar University (Dhaka Division): students held a sit-in protest on campus in the evening.1433 The situation escalated in to what local media describe a ‘black night’1434 of ‘mayhem’,1435 as a large group of Chhatra League supporters attacked students.1436 According to UN OHCHR, they were brought to the campus with vehicles, ‘armed with cleavers, knives and firearms’.1437 Students tried to seek shelter at the vice-chancellor’s residence, but they were not let inside and got ‘trapped’ in front of it,1438 while the Chhatra League1439 and other Awami League supporters1440 attacked them by throwing bricks, petrol bombs and other objects.1441 Police arrived but initially did not intervene.1442 According to Netra News, an award-winning investigative news platform founded by a journalist in exile,1443 the police opened a gate which allowed for the attackers to pour in and clash with students trapped inside, ‘creating total chaos for around an hour’.1444 Thousands of other student protesters came to rescue and chased away the Chhatra League, and attacked the police.1445 Police then fired teargas,1446 blank shots,1447 and used water cannons.1448 There were subsequent confrontations between ruling party supports and students,1449 and the police reportedly intervened to stop the violence at that points.1450 At a nearby hospital, over 50 persons were reportedly treated overnight, including 30 with pellet wounds.1451 Mainly students were injured,1452 but also teachers and journalists,1453 as well as 10–15 police officers, according to the police.1454
- Eden Mohila College (Dhaka City): Chhatra League supporters tried to stop women students from joining demonstrations at Dhaka University.1455 Chhatra League supporters, both male and female,1456 reportedly locked the university entrance so that students could not get out,1457 then they beat up themstudents,1458 and poured hot water on them.1459
- Begum Rokeya University (Rangpur City): Students were attacked by Chhatra League supporters1460 which reportedly had taken position on campus and carried out several attacks and injured at least 15 students, according to Dhaka Tribune.1461
During the night, the mobile internet shutdown was expanded to 59 university areas.1462
16 July 2024: students clashed with police1463 and Chhatra League members in several places across the country.1464 UN OHCHR reported on the police, as of this day, engaging in ‘use of force violations’ to prevent students from protesting.1465 Other sources reported on hundreds being injured in clashes,1466 and six persons being killed.1467 These were the first deaths connected to the protests,1468 and among the victims was protest coordinator Abu Sayed, who was shot in the chest by police forces on a distance of 15 meters, while having his arms wide open towards them, ‘posing no apparent physical threat’, as described by Amnesty International.1469 Footage of his killing circulated online, and mobilised more protesters.1470 Around this time, many students of private universities joined the protests, out of solidarity with public university students that had been violently attacked.1471 Following deadly clashes on 16 July 2024,1472 the University Grants Commission ordered all public and private universities to close, including dormitories, to ensure students’ safety.1473 The government moreover filed leave to appeal the High Court verdict on the quota,1474 and Quader, the Awami League Secretary-General, called upon students to patiently await this coming court decision. Quader, however, again accused the movement of being infiltrated by the opposition, and ‘on behalf of our leader’ he called upon Awami League supporters to ‘take position’ in every ward across the country ‘to resist the evil forces.’1475 Some events of this day included:
- Dhaka University and other parts of Dhaka City: Following the previous day’s attacks, student protesters retaliated and violently ousted Chhatra League supporters from their dormitories.1476 Students reportedly stormed dorms in the morning, vandalised rooms of Chhatra League leaders, and chased away its supporters.1477 A large protest in Science Laboratory area close to Dhaka College,1478 was attacked by prepositioned Chhatra League supporters and ‘affiliated local workers’,1479 some of which were wearing helmets and carried sticks, machetes1480 and pipes.1481 Chases and counter-chases followed,1482 and students threw bricks and used makeshift weapons. Students could stand their ground due to their superiority in numbers, according to UN OHCHR, that further reported on the clash continuing for hours without the police intervening.1483 Two persons died,1484 reportedly by being beaten to death,1485 including one Awami League supporter.1486 UN OHCHR reported on students protesting also in Bahadur Shah Park in Old Dhaka, where a dozen of Chhatra League supporters opened fire with small pistols, injuring at least four students.1487 The Associated Press, referring to local media, reported on violence continuing in the evening, with police firing teargas and rubber bullets at protesters blocking streets, detonating explosives, and setting a toll booth on fire.1488 The Daily Star reported on students protesting in front of the vice-chancellor’s residence at Dhaka University in the evening, criticising the deaths of fellow students. Some carried sticks and iron rods, and a person suspected of being a Chhatra League member was reportedly beaten up by protesters.1489
- Jahangirnagar University (Dhaka Division): local media reported on a tense atmosphere following the violence of the previous night.1490 Students armed with sticks took strategic positions around campus in the morning.1491 As reported by Dhaka Tribune, students from at least five nearby educational institutions gathered at the gates in the morning, to express their solidarity with the student protest movement, and later over 1 000 students participated in demonstrations1492 lasting throughout the day.1493
- Begum Rokeya University (Rangpur City): thousands of students demonstrated around the university.1494 A group of students clashed with the Chhatra League outside one of the gates, and the police intervened.1495 According to UN OHCHR, police charged with batons and sticks at students, alongside the Chhatra League, and also fired teargas and ‘shotguns loaded with lethal metal pellets’ at protesters.1496 Hundreds were injured,1497 including many students being injured by police fire,1498 as well as 10 journalists and several police officers.1499 One of those killed was protest coordinator Abu Sayed,1500 whose killing was referred to by UN OHCHR as a ‘deliberate extrajudicial killing’.1501 In the same evening, students torched the vice-chancellor’s residence and looted the ground floor, while 15–20 staff members were inside the building.1502
- Rajshahi University (Rajshahi City): Somoy TV reported on day-long clashes between student protesters and the Chhatra League,1503 as well as the police1504 which reportedly fired teargas and rubber bullets.1505
- Chattogram City: as protesters approached the Sholoshahar Railway station, to repeat a protest staged the previous day,1506 they were attacked by prepositioned ruling party supporters1507 armed with sticks and firearms, according to the major local media outlet Prothom Alo.1508 In response, students threw bricks, and a chase-counter chase broke out.1509 According to Dhaka Tribune, ‘cocktail explosions were reported during the chaos’.1510 In the afternoon, 15 Chhatra League activists were reportedly ‘severely beaten’ by student protesters at a rooftop, from where they had been throwing bricks.1511 Some Chhatra League activists were thrown off the six-storey building, while others were forced to fall while trying to escape by climbing down the pipes.1512 Three persons died in clashes,1513 including two students1514 and a bystander.1515 The police told media that they had not been using force,1516 although the BGB was deployed in the city.1517 However, one student told Dhaka Tribune that the police had been firing rubber bullets and teargas.1518
17 July 2024: protests continued and the police violently supressed them, in some cases with the support of paramilitary forces, as well as of Awami League supporters.1519 In some ‘protest hotspots’ the police resorted to ‘extensive shooting’, according to UN OHCHR.1520 At least 19 people, as reported by Deutsche Welle (DW), died in clashes between students and police.1521 Another major protest was held on Dhaka University’s campus, despite heavy presence of police, RAB and BGB, armed with rifles. Police deployed outside campus prevented people from joining, and Awami League supporters beat up and handed over protesters to the police, according to UN OHCHR.1522 On campus, students held funeral prayers in absentia for those killed the previous day.1523 Security forces initially did not intervene,1524 but in the afternoon when the students were carrying symbolic coffins around campus1525 the police fired rubber bullets,1526 teargas and sound grenades,1527 and reportedly also used batons.1528 In response, students reportedly threw bricks.1529 According to UN OHCHR, the police used ‘unnecessary and disproportionate force’ on orders of the Dhaka Metropolitan Police command. Police reportedly fired about ‘100 rounds of tear gas’ in 40 minutes, ‘causing many students to scramble to escape the toxic smoke’. A female student also told UN OHCHR that several police officers ‘kicked, slapped and verbally abused her.’1530
In an address to the nation in the evening,1531 Hasina called upon the students to be patient and await the appeal of the High Court verdict on the quota, scheduled for early August 2024.1532 Hasina further expressed her condolences of those who had died, and announced the formation of a judicial inquiry to investigate their deaths. However, she attributed the violence to ‘terrorists’ taking advantage of the protest movement,1533 and did not address the security forces’ use of force. This reportedly made her statement come out as ‘insincere’ to students.1534 The coordinators of the student movement therefore called for a ‘complete shutdown’ of the country on the following day (18 July 2024).1535 BNP pledged support to the shutdown,1536 and later another main opposition party, Jamaat-e-Islami, also expressed solidarity with the student movement and called upon its members to support it.1537 The government made attempts to negotiate, but the students were ‘no longer amenable’, doubting its intentions following the violence against protesters, according to UN OHCHR.1538
- 1368
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 78
- 1369
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 79; Dhaka Tribune, Black Night: Chhatra League men attack JU protesters at VC’s residence, 16 July 2024, url; Daily Sun, Despite BCL cranking up violence to intimidate students, quota reformists not cowering, 16 July 2024, url
- 1370
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, paras. 36, 37; See also: AI, Bangladesh: Witness testimony, video and photographic analysis confirm police used unlawful force against protesters, 17 July 2024, url
- 1371
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 36
- 1372
Daily Star (The), BCL unleashes fury on quota protesters, 16 July 2024, url; Dhaka Tribune, Quota movement: 3 students injured in Tangail clash, 16 July 2024, url
- 1373
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 37
- 1374
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, p. 7, para. 39; Somoy TV, 14 platoons of Ansar personnel deployed in Dhaka, 17 July 2024, url; Dhaka Tribune, Quota movement: BGB deployed in parts of Bangladesh, 16 July 2024, url
- 1375
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 39; Prothom Alo, No vehicles plying in city’s Shanir Akhra, Kazla, Rayerbag, 18 July 2024, url; Somoy TV, Quota protesters attack Jatrabari Police Station, 17 July 2024, url
- 1376
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 39
- 1377
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 33; Daily Star (The), PM's comment ignites protests across campuses, 15 July 2024, url
- 1378
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 35
- 1379
Al Jazeera, ‘We sought rights’: Bangladesh on edge after quota protest turns violent, 16 July 2024, url
- 1380
Daily Star (The), The 'Razakar' back and forth: Who said what?, 15 July 2024, url
- 1381
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 193; Dhaka Tribune, Probe reveals deliberate internet blackout to suppress quota reform movement, 13 August 2024, url
- 1382
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, paras. 83–84; Business Standard (The), Thousands of quota protesters take to streets as campuses across the country come alive with slogans, 14 July 2024, url; Dhaka Tribune, 15 injured as Chhatra League attacks protesting students at BRUR in Rangpur, 15 July 2024, url
- 1383
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, paras. 83; Business Standard (The), Thousands of quota protesters take to streets as campuses across the country come alive with slogans, 14 July 2024, url; Dhaka Tribune, 15 injured as Chhatra League attacks protesting students at BRUR in Rangpur, 15 July 2024, url
- 1384
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 83
- 1385
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 84
- 1386
Country Today (The), Timeline of student-people's 'July uprising', 30 December 2024, url; Business Standard (The), Thousands of quota protesters take to streets as campuses across the country come alive with slogans, 14 July 2024, url
- 1387
Business Standard (The), Thousands of quota protesters take to streets as campuses across the country come alive with slogans, 14 July 2024, url
- 1388
Sylhet Mirror, 3 SUST students injured as BCL attacks on quota protestors, 15 July 2024, url; Business Standard (The), Thousands of quota protesters take to streets as campuses across the country come alive with slogans, 14 July 2024, url
- 1389
Daily Observer, 3 SUST students injured as BCL attacks on quota protestors, 15 July 2024, url
- 1390
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 34; EFE, Student protests flare up in Bangladesh against job quotas, 15 July 2024, url
- 1391
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 34; Daily Star (The), Women’s role in toppling the govt, 17 August 2024, url
- 1392
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 79
- 1393
Prothom Alo, Quota protesters call demo at 12pm, BCL calls sit-in at 3pm, 15 July 2024, url; UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 79
- 1394
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, paras. 79, 272
- 1395
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 36
- 1396
Odhikar, Third Quarterly Human Rights Report, July-September 2024, 14 November 2024, url, p. 8; See also: Benar News, Over 300 Bangladesh students injured in protests against PM Hasina’s comments, 15 July 2024, url
- 1397
Al Jazeera, ‘We sought rights’: Bangladesh on edge after quota protest turns violent, 16 July 2024, url
- 1398
Bdnews24.com, Dhaka University campus awaits duelling rallies from quota protestors, Chhatra League, 16 July 2024, url
- 1399
Benar News, Over 300 Bangladesh students injured in protests against PM Hasina’s comments, 15 July 2024, url
- 1400
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 85; Bdnews24.com, Attack by Chhatra League disperses quota protesters on Dhaka University campus, 15 July 2024, url
- 1401
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 85; Daily Star (The), At least 100 injured as BCL activists attack protesters, 15 July 2024, url
- 1402
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 85
- 1403
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 85; Daily Star (The), At least 100 injured as BCL activists attack protesters, 15 July 2024, url; Dhaka Tribune, Chhatra League takes control of DU campus after clashes, 15 July 2024, url; Somoy TV, DU unrest: No hall closure ordered, 15 July 2024, url
- 1404
Daily Star (The), At least 100 injured as BCL activists attack protesters, 15 July 2024, url; AFP, 100 injured as Bangladesh’s student groups clash over quotas, 16 July 2024, url
- 1405
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 85; Daily Messenger (The), Bullet, cocktail explosions turn DU into battlefield, 16 July 2024, url; Daily Sun, Quota protest witnesses bloody violence, 16 July 2024, url
- 1406
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 85; Daily Messenger (The), Bullet, cocktail explosions turn DU into battlefield, 16 July 2024, url; Prothom Alo, ‘Most of the attackers were outsiders, 20-30 female students injured’, 17 July 2024, url
- 1407
Daily Messenger (The), Bullet, cocktail explosions turn DU into battlefield, 16 July 2024, url; Prothom Alo, ‘Most of the attackers were outsiders, 20-30 female students injured’, 17 July 2024, url
- 1408
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 85
- 1409
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 85
- 1410
Daily Star (The), BCL unleashes fury on quota protesters, 16 July 2024, url
- 1411
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 85
- 1412
Daily Star (The), BCL unleashes fury on quota protesters, 16 July 2024, url; UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 86
- 1413
Daily Star (The), BCL unleashes fury on quota protesters, 16 July 2024, url
- 1414
Daily Star (The), BCL unleashes fury on quota protesters, 16 July 2024, url; UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 86
- 1415
Prothom Alo, ‘Most of the attackers were outsiders, 20-30 female students injured’, 17 July 2024, url
- 1416
Daily Star (The), BCL unleashes fury on quota protesters, 16 July 2024, url
- 1417
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 85
- 1418
Daily Messenger (The), Bullet, cocktail explosions turn DU into battlefield, 16 July 2024, url; Daily Star (The), BCL unleashes fury on quota protesters, 16 July 2024, url
- 1419
Daily Star (The), BCL unleashes fury on quota protesters, 16 July 2024, url
- 1420
Daily Star (The), BCL unleashes fury on quota protesters, 16 July 2024, url; UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 85
- 1421
Daily Star (The), BCL unleashes fury on quota protesters, 16 July 2024, url; Dhaka Tribune, Chhatra League takes control of DU campus after clashes, 15 July 2024, url; Daily Star (The), BCL unleashes fury on quota protesters, 16 July 2024, url
- 1422
Dhaka Tribune, Chhatra League takes control of DU campus after clashes, 15 July 2024, url; Daily Star (The), BCL unleashes fury on quota protesters, 16 July 2024, url
- 1423
Daily Star (The), BCL unleashes fury on quota protesters, 16 July 2024, url; UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 86
- 1424
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 86; Prothom Alo, Over 100 injured taken to DMCH, 15 July 2024, url
- 1425
Daily Sun, Quota protest witnesses bloody violence, 16 July 2024, url; Daily Star (The), BCL unleashes fury on quota protesters, 16 July 2024, url
- 1426
Daily Star (The), BCL unleashes fury on quota protesters, 16 July 2024, url; UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 86
- 1427
Daily Star (The), BCL unleashes fury on quota protesters, 16 July 2024, url
- 1428
Daily Star (The), BCL unleashes fury on quota protesters, 16 July 2024, url; UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 86
- 1429
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 86
- 1430
Daily Star (The), BCL unleashes fury on quota protesters, 16 July 2024, url
- 1431
Prothom Alo, Over 100 injured taken to DMCH, 15 July 2024, url; Daily Star (The), BCL unleashes fury on quota protesters, 16 July 2024, url
- 1432
Prothom Alo, Over 100 injured taken to DMCH, 15 July 2024, url
- 1433
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 83; Somoy TV, Tension heightens at Jahangirnagar University over quota issue, 16 July 2024, url
- 1434
Dhaka Tribune, Black Night: Chhatra League men attack JU protesters at VC’s residence, 16 July 2024, url
- 1435
Daily Star (The), Dozens injured in midnight mayhem at JU, 16 July 2024, url
- 1436
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 83; Dhaka Tribune, Black Night: Chhatra League men attack JU protesters at VC’s residence, 16 July 2024, url
- 1437
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 83
- 1438
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 83; Dhaka Tribune, Black Night: Chhatra League men attack JU protesters at VC’s residence, 16 July 2024, url
- 1439
Dhaka Tribune, Black Night: Chhatra League men attack JU protesters at VC’s residence, 16 July 2024, url
- 1440
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 83
- 1441
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 83; Dhaka Tribune, Black Night: Chhatra League men attack JU protesters at VC’s residence, 16 July 2024, url
- 1442
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 83; Dhaka Tribune, Dozens injured in midnight mayhem at JU, 16 July 2024, url
- 1443
Standford University, FSI, Bangladesh-Focused Investigative Media Outlet Netra News Wins 2025 Shorenstein Journalism Award, 1 May 2025, url
- 1444
Netra News, Notes from a campus under siege, 18 July 2024, url
- 1445
Daily Star (The), Dozens injured in midnight mayhem at JU, 16 July 2024, url; Dhaka Tribune, Black Night: Chhatra League men attack JU protesters at VC’s residence, 16 July 2024, url
- 1446
Dhaka Tribune, Black Night: Chhatra League men attack JU protesters at VC’s residence, 16 July 2024, url; Somoy TV, Tension heightens at Jahangirnagar University over quota issue, 16 July 2024, url
- 1447
Daily Star (The), Dozens injured in midnight mayhem at JU, 16 July 2024, url
- 1448
Dhaka Tribune, Black Night: Chhatra League men attack JU protesters at VC’s residence, 16 July 2024, url
- 1449
Dhaka Tribune, Black Night: Chhatra League men attack JU protesters at VC’s residence, 16 July 2024, url; Somoy TV, Tension heightens at Jahangirnagar University over quota issue, 16 July 2024, url
- 1450
Dhaka Tribune, Black Night: Chhatra League men attack JU protesters at VC’s residence, 16 July 2024, url; Somoy TV, Tension heightens at Jahangirnagar University over quota issue, 16 July 2024, url
- 1451
Al Jazeera, Student protests over Bangladesh job quota leave at least 100 injured, 16 July 2024, url; Daily Star (The), Dozens injured in midnight mayhem at JU, 16 July 2024, url
- 1452
Daily Star (The), Dozens injured in midnight mayhem at JU, 16 July 2024, url
- 1453
Daily Star (The), Dozens injured in midnight mayhem at JU, 16 July 2024, url; Dhaka Tribune, Black Night: Chhatra League men attack JU protesters at VC’s residence, 16 July 2024, url
- 1454
Dhaka Tribune, Black Night: Chhatra League men attack JU protesters at VC’s residence, 16 July 2024, url; Daily Star (The), Dozens injured in midnight mayhem at JU, 16 July 2024, url
- 1455
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 87; Daily Star (The), 4 Eden College students injured after being assaulted by 'BCL activists', 15 July 2024, url
- 1456
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 87
- 1457
Dhaka Tribune, Students gather at DU to protest PM’s quota movement comment, 15 July 2024, url
- 1458
Daily Star (The), 4 Eden College students injured after being assaulted by 'BCL activists', 15 July 2024, url; UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 87
- 1459
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 87; Daily Observer, Eden College leftist leader among several injured in BCL attack, 16 July 2024, url
- 1460
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 84; Dhaka Tribune, 15 injured as Chhatra League attacks protesting students at BRUR in Rangpur, 15 July 2024, url
- 1461
Dhaka Tribune, 15 injured as Chhatra League attacks protesting students at BRUR in Rangpur, 15 July 2024, url
- 1462
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 193; Dhaka Tribune, Probe reveals deliberate internet blackout to suppress quota reform movement, 13 August 2024, url
- 1463
Daily Star (The), Quota reform protest violence: 6 killed across the country, 16 July 2024, url
- 1464
New Age, Six killed as clashes erupt all over, 16 July 2024, url
- 1465
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 274
- 1466
New Age, Six killed as clashes erupt all over, 16 July 2024, url
- 1467
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 37
- 1468
AI, Bangladesh: Further video and photographic analysis confirm police unlawfully used lethal and less-lethal weapons against protesters, 25 July 2024, url
- 1469
AI, What is happening at the quota-reform protests in Bangladesh?, 29 July 2024, url
- 1470
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 37; BBC News, Videos reveal brutality that left scores dead in Bangladesh protests, 30 July 2024, url
- 1471
Daily Star (The), Universities closed until further notice, 16 July 2024, url; UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 37
- 1472
New Age, Six killed as clashes erupt all over, 16 July 2024, url
- 1473
Daily Star (The), Universities closed until further notice, 16 July 2024, url
- 1474
Dhaka Tribune, Govt files leave to appeal against High Court verdict on quota system, 16 July 2024, url
- 1475
Business Standard (The), Quader asks party men to take position to resist 'evil forces', 17 July 2024, url; See also: Prothom Alo, Our existence has come under attack, we must resist it: Obaidul Quader, 17 July 2024, url
- 1476
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 86
- 1477
Dhaka Tribune, Dorm rooms of DU Chhatra League president, general secretary vandalized, 17 July 2024, url
- 1478
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 88: Daily Star (The), Science Lab turns into battlefield, 16 July 2024, url
- 1479
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 88
- 1480
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 88; Bdnews24.com, Pitched battle at Science Lab during quota protest, 16 July 2024, url
- 1481
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 88
- 1482
Prothom Alo, 5 protesters shot, over 100 injured in clash with BCL, Jubo League men at Science Lab, 16 July 2024, url; Bdnews24.com, Pitched battle at Science Lab during quota protest, 16 July 2024, url
- 1483
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 88
- 1484
Dhaka Tribune, Quota movement: Another killed in Science Lab area clash, 16 July 2024, url
- 1485
Prothom Alo, 5 protesters shot, over 100 injured in clash with BCL, Jubo League men at Science Lab, 16 July 2024, url
- 1486
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 88
- 1487
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 88
- 1488
AP, Violent clashes erupt between police and protesters in Dhaka even after 6 die during campus protests, 17 Jul 2024, url
- 1489
Daily Star (The), Universities closed until further notice, 16 July 2024, url
- 1490
Dhaka Tribune, Black Night: Chhatra League men attack JU protesters at VC’s residence, 16 July 2024, url; Somoy TV, Tension heightens at Jahangirnagar University over quota issue, 16 July 2024, url
- 1491
Dhaka Tribune, Black Night: Chhatra League men attack JU protesters at VC’s residence, 16 July 2024, url; Business Standard (The), 6 killed in Dhaka, Ctg, Rangpur as quota protesters, police, BCL activists clash, 17 July 2024, url
- 1492
Dhaka Tribune, Black Night: Chhatra League men attack JU protesters at VC’s residence, 16 July 2024, url
- 1493
Business Standard (The), 6 killed in Dhaka, Ctg, Rangpur as quota protesters, police, BCL activists clash, 17 July 2024, url
- 1494
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, pp. 19, 21
- 1495
Dhaka Tribune, Black Night: Chhatra League men attack JU protesters at VC’s residence, 16 July 2024, url; Business Standard (The), 6 killed in Dhaka, Ctg, Rangpur as quota protesters, police, BCL activists clash, 17 July 2024, url
- 1496
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, pp. 19, 21
- 1497
Benar News, At least 6 killed in Bangladesh student protests, 16 July 2024, url
- 1498
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, pp. 19
- 1499
Dhaka Tribune, Violent clashes at Rokeya University leave student dead, dozens injured, 16 July 2024, url
- 1500
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, pp. 19, 21
- 1501
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, pp. 19, 21
- 1502
Daily Star (The), Universities closed until further notice, 16 July 2024, url
- 1503
Somoy TV, Rajshahi University shut indefinitely, 17 July 2024, url
- 1504
Somoy TV, Rajshahi University shut indefinitely, 17 July 2024, url; Dhaka Tribune, Quota reform: Clash erupts at RU, 17 July 2024, url
- 1505
Dhaka Tribune, Quota reform: Clash erupts at RU, 17 July 2024, url
- 1506
Dhaka Tribune, Chittagong's Sholoshahar turns turbulent over quota reform protest, 15 July 2024, url
- 1507
Prothom Alo, Quota reform: Three die during clash in Chattogram, two bear bullet wounds, 16 July 2024, url; Bdnews24.com, Third body found after clashes between pro-AL activists and quota protesters in Chattogram, 16 July 2024, url
- 1508
Prothom Alo, Quota reform: Three die during clash in Chattogram, two bear bullet wounds, 16 July 2024, url
- 1509
Prothom Alo, Quota reform: Three die during clash in Chattogram, two bear bullet wounds, 16 July 2024, url; Dhaka Tribune, Quota reform: 3 killed in Chittagong Chhatra League-protester clash, 16 July 2024, url
- 1510
Dhaka Tribune, Quota reform: 3 killed in Chittagong Chhatra League-protester clash, 16 July 2024, url
- 1511
Dhaka Tribune, 15 Chhatra League activists allegedly thrown from six-storey building, 17 July 2024, url
- 1512
Dhaka Tribune, 15 Chhatra League activists allegedly thrown from six-storey building, 17 July 2024, url; Bdnews24.com, ‘He works for the Chhatra League. Kill him’, 17 July 2024, url
- 1513
Prothom Alo, Quota reform: Three die during clash in Chattogram, two bear bullet wounds, 16 July 2024, url
- 1514
Reuters, Five killed in violent anti-quota protests in Bangladesh, 16 July 2024, url; Bdnews24.com, Third body found after clashes between pro-AL activists and quota protesters in Chattogram, 16 July 2024, url
- 1515
Daily Star (The), Faruk's family stares at a bleak future, 30 July 2024, url
- 1516
Reuters, Five killed in violent anti-quota protests in Bangladesh, 16 July 2024, url; Dhaka Tribune, Quota reform: 3 killed in Chittagong Chhatra League-protester clash, 16 July 2024, url
- 1517
Dhaka Tribune, Quota reform: 3 killed in Chittagong Chhatra League-protester clash, 16 July 2024, url
- 1518
Dhaka Tribune, 15 Chhatra League activists allegedly thrown from six-storey building, 17 July 2024, url
- 1519
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, pp. i, 31, para. 39, 274
- 1520
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 121
- 1521
DW, Bangladesh: Protesters set light to state broadcaster, 18 July 2024, url
- 1522
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, pp. i, 23
- 1523
Business Standard (The), Quota Reform Movement: Police-Student Clash in DU After Gaybana Janaza, 17 July 2024, url; Report (The), Police-student clashes ongoing in Dhaka University, 17 July 2024, url
- 1524
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, pp. i, 23
- 1525
Report (The), Police-student clashes ongoing in Dhaka University, 17 July 2024, url
- 1526
DW, Bangladesh PM vows justice for 6 killed in student protests, 17 July 2024, url; UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, p. i
- 1527
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, p. 23; Business Standard (The), Quota Reform Movement: Police-Student Clash in DU After Gaybana Janaza, 17 July 2024, url
- 1528
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, pp. i, 23
- 1529
Report (The), Police-student clashes ongoing in Dhaka University, 17 July 2024, url
- 1530
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, p. 23
- 1531
Barta24, Prime Minister called upon the students to have patience till the verdict of the court, 17 July 2024, url
- 1532
Al Jazeera, Bangladesh job quota protesters call for nationwide shutdown, 18 July 2024, url; Barta24, Prime Minister called upon the students to have patience till the verdict of the court, 17 July 2024, url
- 1533
Somoy TV, What did PM Hasina say in her address to the nation?, 17 July 2024, url
- 1534
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, paras. 41, 247
- 1535
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 41; Prothom Alo, Quota protestors announce nationwide ‘complete shutdown’ for tomorrow, 17 July 2024, url
- 1536
Daily Star (The), BNP pledges full support to 'complete shutdown', 17 July 2024, url
- 1537
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 41
- 1538
UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 41