18–19 July 2024: Protests generalise, security forces apply lethal force

The general public took to the streets and joined the protests,1539 including many high-school students.1540 Protesters blocked key roads,1541 and disrupted traffic across the country.1542 Some protesters also engaged in vandalism and set dozens of government establishments and vehicles on fire.1543The police, RAB and BGB intensified their efforts to stop protests, and switched to ‘a lethal force paradigm’, as reported by UN OHCHR, making use of live ammunition.1544 Police and security forces carried weapons commonly used for warfare,1545 including automatic rifles and machine guns.1546 Meanwhile, internet access was severely restricted, disconnecting Bangladesh from the world,1547 up until 23 July 2024.1548 Some sources accuse the government of shutting down internet to cover up serious violations.1549

Protesters clashed with police,1550 and Awami League supporters,1551 who carried out attacks and tandem against protesters.1552 AFP reported on nation-wide clashes in almost half of the country’s 64 districts.1553 Security forces shot against protesters with, inter alia, military rifles, and shotguns loaded with metal pellets,1554 in some cases at a ‘point blank’ range.1555 UN OHCHR reported on an ‘apparent pattern of security forces firing lethal ammunition at protesters who did not pose an imminent threat’, and on situations where security forces ‘deliberately’ aimed at and killed protesters who were already incapacitated, including children.1556 Approximately 100 people reportedly died on 18 July 2024, and almost 300 on 19 July 2024,1557 including students, journalists and bystanders.1558 AFP reported that more than half of the protest-related deaths recorded by this time had been caused by police fire.1559 Netra News reported on hundreds of men, women and children, seeking care at one hospital in Dhaka alone ‘after being attacked by the police’.1560 Many also suffered injuries to their eyes after having been shot in the face by rubber and lethal bullets.1561 In some cases, security forces obstructed medical care of protesters,1562 for example by firing teargas in front of medical establishments.1563

The police stated that police cars were vandalised,1564 and that hundreds of police officers were injured in clashes in Dhaka.1565 According to Prothom Alo, 259 police staff received treatment at Dhaka’s Central Police Hospital in 16–20 July 2024. Most suffered head injuries. Some police officers explained how their helmets had been removed during severe beatings with blunt weapons, or how they had been attacked merely by being recognised as police personnel, including off duty.1566

Clashes between protesters and the police and Awami League supporters took place in various locations in Dhaka City.1567 The Daily Star described the neighbourhoods of Jatrabari, Shonir Akhra, Uttara, and Mohammadpur as ‘protest hotspots’ in the period 18–20 July 2024.1568 The police fired teargas and charged with batons against protesters, who retaliated by throwing stones.1569 The police and security forces opened fire against protesters in various neighbourhoods, including Uttara,1570 Savar,1571 Azimpur,1572 and Badda/Rampura.1573 Teargas was also launched from police or RAB helicopters in Mirpur, Mohakhali and Dhanmondi.1574

Following an violent attack against the state-run broadcaster Bangladesh Television, the government ‘reinforced orders authorising security forces to resort to lethal force’, and instructed BGB to ‘use maximum force’, according to UN OHCHR.1575 According to the same source, referring to testimonies from senior officials, the prime minister instructed security force officials to shoot protesters and to arrest, kill and hide the bodies of the movement’s ringleaders.1576 During the night to 19 July 2024, the DGFI and DB arrested six coordinators;1577 some of them endured torture while in detention.1578

On 19 July 2024, clashes between police and protesters escalated further in Dhaka.1579 The Dhaka Metropolitan Police issued a ban on rallies,1580 but nevertheless protesters ‘occupied’ various areas of the city.1581 Police fired rubber bullets at crowds, which triggered clashes and chases between police and protesters.1582 Various neighbourhoods descended into chaos,1583 in particular Uttara, Jatrabari, Badda, Rampura, Mohakhali, Science Laboratory, Paltan, Mirpur-10, Mohammadpur, Dhanmondi, Nilkhet and Old Dhaka, according to Prothom Alo.1584 Thousands of protesters armed with sticks and rocks clashed with police,1585 torched government and private establishments, while the police fired ‘huge amounts’ of teargas, rubber bullets, stray bullets and sound grenades, according to Prothom Alo.1586 Security forces moreover made use of helicopters to drop sound grenades and teargas at protesters,1587 and according to some accounts also gunfire.1588 Netra News reported on RAB helicopters firing ‘indiscriminately’ at crowds in Dhaka,1589 inter alia killing a young child playing at a roof top.1590 From this day onwards, ‘BGB, Police and RAB, shot even more extensively at mixed crowds of peaceful protesters and violent rioters’; in some cases they ‘deliberately killed or maimed victims, including children, by shooting them at point blank range’, as reported by UN OHCHR. The same source reported on ‘an apparent pattern’ of the police, RAB and BGB resorting to ‘indiscriminate’ firing at entire crowds when some protesters engaged in violence.1591 This led to many bystanders, including children inside their homes being shot dead.1592 The BGB, RAB, and ‘others’ (including Awami League supporters1593) also shot at crowds in many places in Dhaka and other parts of the country.1594

In the evening of 19 July 2024, the government issued a national curfew, and deployed the military to maintain order.1595 From that day on, security forces arrested many opposition leaders and activists of BNP, Jamaat-e-Islami1596 and Bangladesh Jatiya Party.1597 The police,1598 DB,1599 and RAB were reportedly involved in these arrests,1600 and placed many victims in DB custody,1601 where they were ‘extensively interrogated and often subjected to torture and other ill-treatment’, according to UN OHCHR, that further reported on senior police officials sometimes being directly involved in such treatment.1602 Security forces furthermore carried out so-called ‘block raids’, in which entire housing blocks or areas were raided in several locations in Dhaka and other parts of the country.1603 According to UN OHCHR, this was part of a campaign of ‘mass arbitrary arrests’ to quell protests.1604

Some events on 18–19 July 2024 include:

Uttara (Dhaka City): on 18 July 2024, the police tried to violently disperse protesters1605 that were blocking a road,1606 by using teargas, rubber bullets, and sound grenades while being ‘reinforced by RAB, Armed Police Battalions, BGB, Ansar’ as well as ‘armed Awami League supporters’.1607 Protesters reportedly retaliated by throwing bricks at the police and also vandalised a traffic police box and two buses. A chase-counter chase broke out between protesters and the police.1608 As the situation escalated in the early afternoon, police and the RAB reportedly fired military rifles at protesters from different locations, including the rooftop of Uttara Police Station and from an armoured vehicle driving at protesters.1609 At least six deaths were recorded,1610 and hundreds suffered gunshot wounds,1611 including some shot in the head1612 or eyes.1613 In one case, security forces killed a young man distributing water to protesters by shooting him in the forehead.1614 On 19 July 2024, clashes resumed, with police and armed Awami League supporters storming alleys and firing ‘indiscriminately’.1615 Among others, a 15-year-old girl was shot dead on her balcony while observing the clashes.1616 UN OHCHR reported that armed Awami League supporters, led by party officials, shot at protesters near the local Crescent Hospital.1617

Badda/Rampura (Dhaka City): on 18 July 2024, the police reportedly chased hundreds of protesters outside BRAC university, that retaliated by throwing brickbats.1618 As protests ‘spilled over’ into Rampura, protesters also vandalised a traffic police box and torched several motorcycles.1619 The police fired teargas into the BRAC university campus,1620 an eclosed space, injuring 30 people.1621 One bystander told Prothom Alo that he was shot with 22 pellets in his chest, forehead, hands and eyes.1622 Chases and counter-chases took place,1623 and some police officers sought shelter inside the Canadian University, from where they were rescued by RAB helicopters.1624 In the evening, ‘several thousand protesters’1625 stormed Bangladesh Television1626 and set parts of the building on fire while staff were trapped inside.1627 On 19 July 2024, protests escalated into widespread violence,1628 with protesters clashing with police and BGB throughout the day.1629 According to UN OHCHR, security forces tried to protect the headquarters of Bangladesh Television, and BGB and the police fired lethal ammunition ‘indiscriminately’ at crowds. Witnesses recounted how security forces cornered protesters from three sides before opening fire simultaneously, and on bullets ‘dropping down […] like rain’.1630 An Associated Press reporter witnessed the BGB firing rifles and sound grenades at over 1 000 protesters, while police fired teargas and rubber bullets. According to the reporter ‘[b]ullets littered the streets’.1631 Some protesters threw bricks in retaliation, and also vandalised shops and government offices – including the Rampura Police station.1632 UN OHCHR reported that security forces shot dead persons who posed no threat, at a very close range, including individuals trying to flee or pleading for their lives.1633 People in nearby buildings were hit by bullets penetrating walls. ‘[O]ne hospital in the area received more than 600 injured patients and 20 dead bodies, including children as young as 10 years old’.1634

Jatrabari (Dhaka City): according to Bdnews24.com, Jatrabari turned into a ‘battlefield’, with clashes starting already in the evening of 17 July 2024 and the night to 18 July 2024, and continuing day and night for five days.1635 On 18 July 2024, protesters clashed with the police that fired teargas, rubber bullets and sound grenades,1636 while Awami League supporters ‘joined forces with police’ and attacked protesters by throwing bricks, according to the Daily Star. The same source reported on the police and RAB firing ‘several hundred rounds from shotguns’,1637 while UN OHCHR reported that ‘the police fired shotguns with lethal metal pellets at mixed crowds’, including unarmed protesters. UN OHCHR further reported on the police firing from an anti-riot vehicle while running over protesters.1638 A journalist was shot dead by police while covering the protest,1639 his chest was reportedly ‘riddled’ with bullets.1640 Hundreds of Awami League supporters also carried out an attack at Muzahid Nogor Central Mosque in Rayerbagh and killed two elderly men, according to UN OHCHR. According to the same source, 80 people were injured and three died in subsequent clashes.1641 A violent mob beat two policemen to death and hung one of the bodies from the Rayerbagh bridge.1642

Mirpur (Dhaka City): Mirpur experienced ‘extreme violence’ on 18–19 July 2024.1643 Protesters clashed with Awami League supporters and police,1644 firing rubber bullets, pellets and bullets, causing at least 16 deaths and thousands of injuries, as reported by the Business Standard.1645 A helicopter was reportedly ‘raining down gunfire’ on 19 July 2024, according to Netra News. A young child was shot dead inside his home, when looking out through the window, and his uncle was shot in his shoulder.1646 ‘Unidentified individuals on motorcycles’ also reportedly fired guns at civilians.1647 Protesters vandalised the metro station, smashing everything inside ‘to bits’1648 and torched the office of the Road Transport Authority and a stadium.1649

Mohammadpur (Dhaka City): chase-counter chases between police and protesters broke out at around 8:00 and continued during the entire day on 19 July 2024. Police fired several rounds of rubber bullets and teargas, injuring several people1650 which UN OHCHR described as ‘indiscriminate’ firing at mixed crowds of both peaceful and violent protesters.1651 Netra News reported on stun grenades ‘raining down’ from a RAB helicopter.1652

Chattogram City: on 18 July 2024, students blocked a highway and reportedly threw stones at the police,1653 which fired teargas.1654 Two persons died,1655 reportedly by bullet injuries.1656

Kishoreganj City: on 19 July 2024, the police reportedly fired into a crowd surrounding the Bhairab police station, injuring over 100 students.1657

Rangpur City: three protesters were reportedly killed outside a police station, which was attacked by 4 000 people on the same day.1658

Gazipur City: on 19 July 2024, Awami League supporters reportedly shot at protesters,1659 that retaliated by beating the former mayor and killing his bodyguard.1660

Narsingdi City: on 18 July 2024, police fired ‘shotguns loaded with metal pellets’ at a crowd near the central jail, injuring many protesters, including children,1661 and killing a 15-year-old boy. According to Prothom Alo, the boy died immediately after being hit by rubber bullets, and was thereafter displayed to the police, that fired at the child’s body again.1662 According to UN OHCHR the child was laying incapacitated and was ‘deliberately’ killed by the police.1663 On 19 July 2024, thousands protested outside the jail, and some stormed it, armed with makeshift weapons, firearms and tools.1664 They released hundreds of inmates1665 and looted firearms.1666 According to UN OHCHR, police shot indiscriminately at the crowd with ‘military rifles and shotguns loaded with lethal ammunition’.1667

Cumilla City: on 18 July 2024, police and BGB reportedly shot teargas, sound grenades, rubber bullets and lethal ammunition, while Chhatra League supporters attacked protesters, and sexually assaulted some female protesters.1668

Sylhet City: on 19 July 2024, police opened fired at a BNP rally.1669 Some reportedly retaliated and attacked the police with flag poles and bricks.1670 A journalist was killed by police fire.1671

  • 1539

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, paras. 43, 91; VOA, Student protesters return to Bangladesh streets despite violent crackdown, 19 July 2024, url

  • 1540

    VOA, Student protesters return to Bangladesh streets despite violent crackdown, 19 July 2024, url; AFP, Why are Bangladeshi students protesting?, 19 July 2024, url; See also: Prothom Alo, 'How can someone kill a human this way': Rahat's mother wants her son back, 30 July 2024, url

  • 1541

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 43

  • 1542

    AP, 19 more die in Bangladesh clashes as student protesters try to impose a ‘complete shutdown’, 18 July 2024, url

  • 1543

    Daily Star (The), Dozens of govt establishments set ablaze, 20 July 2024, url

  • 1544

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, paras. 43, 105–107

  • 1545

    Prothom Alo, Analysis of 150 deaths: 113 of the deceased young, 45 students, 29 July 2024, url

  • 1546

    Daily Star (The), Count of a carnage: about 95pc killed by gunshots, 4 August 2024, url

  • 1547

    Netra News, Bangladesh disconnected and unreachable from the world, 18 July 2024, url

  • 1548

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 44

  • 1549

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 288; New York Times (The), An Unbending Leader’s Crackdown Rains Carnage on Bangladesh, 23 July 2024, url

  • 1550

    AP, 19 more die in Bangladesh clashes as student protesters try to impose a ‘complete shutdown’, 18 July 2024, url; Al Jazeera, At least 17 dead as Bangladesh student protests over jobs intensify, 18 July 2024, url

  • 1551

    AP, 19 more die in Bangladesh clashes as student protesters try to impose a ‘complete shutdown’, 18 July 2024, url; Daily Star (The), Quota reform protests: Overall death toll today rises to 23, 18 July 2024, url

  • 1552

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, paras. 105–107; Prothom Alo, At least 103 lives lost in three days of clash, 24 July 2024, url

  • 1553

    Al Jazeera, Bangladesh bans rallies as violent protests spiral out of control, 19 July 2024, url

  • 1554

    Lethal in Disguise, Bangladesh: Ban Pellet Guns now, October 2024, url; UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 43

  • 1555

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, p. ii; New York Times (The), An Unbending Leader’s Crackdown Rains Carnage on Bangladesh, 23 July 2024, url

  • 1556

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 104

  • 1557

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 119

  • 1558

    AI, What is happening at the quota-reform protests in Bangladesh?, 29 July 2024, url

  • 1559

    France24, Protesters storm prison in Bangladesh, death toll from anti-quota clashes tops 100, 19 July 2024, url

  • 1560

    Netra News, Scenes from a besieged city, 21 July 2024, url

  • 1561

    New York Times (The), An Unbending Leader’s Crackdown Rains Carnage on Bangladesh, 23 July 2024, url; Al Jazeera, Shot in the eyes, victims of Bangladesh protest violence face dark future, 29 July 2024, url; Daily Star (The), Shot during protests, they now stare at a bleak future, 23 August 2024, url

  • 1562

    AI, What is happening at the quota-reform protests in Bangladesh?, 29 July 2024, url

  • 1563

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 149; Nutshell_today [Instagram], posted on: 18 July 2024, url

  • 1564

    AP, 19 more die in Bangladesh clashes as student protesters try to impose a ‘complete shutdown’, 18 July 2024, url

  • 1565

    Al Jazeera, Bangladesh bans rallies as violent protests spiral out of control, 19 July 2024, url

  • 1566

    Prothom Alo, Police members mostly sustain head injuries, 27 July 2024, url

  • 1567

    Dhaka Tribune, Quota reform: Clashes erupt in Badda, other Dhaka areas, 18 July 2024, url

  • 1568

    Daily Star (The), Hastily buried in unmarked graves, 12 March 2025, url

  • 1569

    AP, 19 more die in Bangladesh clashes as student protesters try to impose a ‘complete shutdown’, 18 July 2024, url

  • 1570

    Peoples Dispatch, Police intensify repression of student protests in Bangladesh, 18 July 2024, url

  • 1571

    Dhaka Tribune, Quota reinstatement: Student dies amid clash in Savar, 18 July 2024, url; Daily Star (The), Student killed in clash between protesters and police, AL activists, 18 July 2024, url

  • 1572

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, paras. 104, 106; Prothom Alo, At least 103 lives lost in three days of clash, 24 July 2024, url

  • 1573

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, paras. 104, 107; Bdnews24.com, Police clash with protesters from BRAC University in Dhaka's Merul Badda, 18 July 2024, url; AI, Bangladesh: Further Video and Photographic Analysis Confirm Police Unlawfully used Lethal and Less Lethal Weapons against Protesters, 25 July 2025, url

  • 1574

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 139

  • 1575

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, p. ii, para. 116

  • 1576

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, p. para. 117

  • 1577

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, p. para. 173

  • 1578

    Odhikar, Third Quarterly Human Rights Report, July-September 2024, 14 November 2024, url, para. 17–19

  • 1579

    AI, Bangladesh: Further information: Thousands of protesters arrested arbitrarily: Rony Sheikh, 9 August 2024, url; Benar News, Photos: Death toll soars in Bangladesh unrest, 19 July 2024, url

  • 1580

    Prothom Alo, At least 103 lives lost in three days of clash, 24 July 2024, url; Al Jazeera, Bangladesh bans rallies as violent protests spiral out of control, 19 July 2024, url

  • 1581

    Netra News, Scores dead as Bangladeshi authorities intensify crackdown on protests, 19 July 2024, url

  • 1582

    Netra News, Scores dead as Bangladeshi authorities intensify crackdown on protests, 19 July 2024, url

  • 1583

    Le Monde, Violent crackdown on student protests plunges Bangladesh into chaos, 20 July 2024, url

  • 1584

    Prothom Alo, At least 103 lives lost in three days of clash, 24 July 2024, url

  • 1585

    Al Jazeera, At least 17 dead as Bangladesh student protests over jobs intensify, 18 July 2024, url; Sky News, At least 39 killed as students clash with police in Bangladesh over jobs reserved for veterans' families, 19 July 2024, url

  • 1586

    Prothom Alo, At least 103 lives lost in three days of clash, 24 July 2024, url

  • 1587

    Prothom Alo, At least 103 lives lost in three days of clash, 24 July 2024, url; UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 139; Netra News, Why parents filed no complaints for killing of fifth grader, 25 July 2024, url

  • 1588

    Le Monde, Violent crackdown on student protests plunges Bangladesh into chaos, 20 July 2024, url; Netra News, Why parents filed no complaints for killing of fifth grader, 25 July 2024, url; Daily Star (The), Tales of 10 women killed in July uprising, 8 September 2025, url; UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, paras. 140, 168; Netra News, Scenes from a besieged city, 21 July 2024, url

  • 1589

    Netra News, Scenes from a besieged city, 21 July 2024, url

  • 1590

    Daily Star (The), Tales of 10 women killed in July uprising, 8 September 2025, url

  • 1591

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, paras. 114, 276–277

  • 1592

    Diplomat (The), Bangladesh Carnage: The Facts that Belie the Government Narrative, 1 August 2024, url

  • 1593

    Netra News, Bangladesh protests 2024, 18 July 2024, url; UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 91; Dhaka Tribune, July Revolution: Armed attackers who disrupted movement remain at large in Barisal, 26 October 2024, url

  • 1594

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 44

  • 1595

    AP, Bangladesh imposes nationwide curfew as deadly protests over government jobs escalate, 19 July 2024, url; Netra News, Live Blog: Bangladesh Protests 2024, 20 July 2024, url

  • 1596

    Prothom Alo, At least 550 arrested all over country in 5 days, 24 July 2024, url

  • 1597

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 177

  • 1598

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 177; Daily Star (The), Quota protests: DB picks up three organisers from hospital, 27 July 2024, url

  • 1599

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 177; Daily Star (The), Protest organisers: 2 more in DB custody ‘for their security’, 28 July 2024, url

  • 1600

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 177; Daily Star (The), Recent violence: Rab arrests 290 more people, 27 July 2024, url

  • 1601

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 177; Daily Star (The), Quota protests: DB picks up three organisers from hospital, 27 July 2024, url; Daily Star (The), Protest organisers: 2 more in DB custody ‘for their security’, 28 July 2024, url

  • 1602

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 177; Daily Star (The), Quota protests: DB picks up three organisers from hospital, 27 July 2024, url

  • 1603

    AA, 147 people killed in Bangladesh student protests, minister confirms, 28 July 2024, url; Daily Star (The), Block raids unnerve city residents, 28 July 2024, url

  • 1604

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 162

  • 1605

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, p. 24; Peoples Dispatch, Police intensify repression of student protests in Bangladesh, 18 July 2024, url

  • 1606

    AP, 19 more die in Bangladesh clashes as student protesters try to impose a ‘complete shutdown’, 18 July 2024, url

  • 1607

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, p. 24

  • 1608

    Dhaka Tribune, Clash in Uttara leaves police box, 2 buses vandalized, 18 July 2024, url

  • 1609

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, p. 24

  • 1610

    AP, 19 more die in Bangladesh clashes as student protesters try to impose a ‘complete shutdown’, 18 July 2024, url; UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, p. 24

  • 1611

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, p. 24

  • 1612

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, p. 24; Daily Star (The), A promising life cut short by bullet, 2 August 2024, url

  • 1613

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, p. 24; Dhaka Tribune, Four killed, hundreds injured in Uttara clashes, 18 July 2024, url

  • 1614

    Daily Star (The), A promising life cut short by bullet, 2 August 2024, url

  • 1615

    Daily Star (The), Tales of 10 women killed in July uprising, 8 March 2025, url

  • 1616

    Prothom Alo, Bullet hits little Ahad in the eye and lodges in his head, 26 July 2024, url

  • 1617

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 93

  • 1618

    Daily Observer, 10 hurt as police fire rubber bullets, teargas shells at BRACU students, 18 July 2024, url

  • 1619

    Daily Star (The), Police clash with BRAC University students, lob tear gas shells at campus, 18 July 2024, url

  • 1620

    Daily Observer, 10 hurt as police fire rubber bullets, teargas shells at BRACU students, 18 July 2024, url

  • 1621

    AI, Bangladesh: Further Video and Photographic Analysis Confirm Police Unlawfully used Lethal and Less Lethal Weapons against Protesters, 25 July 2025, url

  • 1622

    Prothom Alo, They are on verge of losing their eyesight, 27 July 2024, url

  • 1623

    Prothom Alo, Police members mostly sustain head injuries, 27 July 2024, url

  • 1624

    France24, State TV set ablaze, death toll rises as student protests roil Bangladesh, 18 July 2024, url; Daily Star (The), Rab helicopter airlifts stranded cops from university rooftop, 18 July 2024, url

  • 1625

    BBC News, Bangladesh issues high security alert as deadly protests escalate, 18 July 2024, url

  • 1626

    DW, Bangladesh: Protesters set light to state broadcaster, 18 July 2024, url; Al Jazeera, At least 17 dead as Bangladesh student protests over jobs intensify, 18 July 2024, url

  • 1627

    BBC News, Bangladesh issues high security alert as deadly protests escalate, 18 July 2024, url

  • 1628

    Daily Star (The), Horror engulfs Badda, Rampura as bullets fly, 20 July 2024, url; UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, p. 28

  • 1629

    Daily Star (The), Horror engulfs Badda, Rampura as bullets fly, 20 July 2024, url

  • 1630

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, p. 20, para. 44, 120

  • 1631

    AP, Bangladesh imposes nationwide curfew as deadly protests over government jobs escalate, 19 July 2024, url

  • 1632

    Daily Star (The), Horror engulfs Badda, Rampura as bullets fly, 20 July 2024, url

  • 1633

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, p. 20, para. 44, 120

  • 1634

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, p. 20, para. 44, 120

  • 1635

    Bdnews24.com, Who fed unrelenting violence for 5 days to keep Jatrabari on edge during quota protest?, 9 July 2024, url

  • 1636

    Daily Star (The), At least 29 dead in daylong mayhem, 24 July 2024, url; Bdnews24.com, Who fed unrelenting violence for 5 days to keep Jatrabari on edge during quota protest?, 9 July 2024, url

  • 1637

    Daily Star (The), At least 29 dead in daylong mayhem, 24 July 2024, url

  • 1638

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, p. 31

  • 1639

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 185; Daily Star (The), Journalist killed in the line of duty, 1 August 2024, url

  • 1640

    Netra News, Journalists’ chests, too, riddled with police bullets, 26 July 2024, url

  • 1641

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 93

  • 1642

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, p. 31; Dhaka Tribune, Why did unarmed policemen have to die brutally?, 2 August 2024, url

  • 1643

    Business Standard (The), 18, 19 July: Mirpur hospitals on the frontline, 4 August 2024, url

  • 1644

    Daily Star (The), At least 66 more lives lost, 20 July 2024, url

  • 1645

    Business Standard (The), 18, 19 July: Mirpur hospitals on the frontline, 4 August 2024, url

  • 1646

    Netra News, Why parents filed no complaints for killing of fifth grader, 25 July 2024, url

  • 1647

    Netra News, Scores dead as Bangladeshi authorities intensify crackdown on protests, 19 July 2024, url

  • 1648

    Daily Star (The), Mirpur-10, Kazipara metro stations: Mindless destruction leaves them in ruins, 21 July 2024, url

  • 1649

    Daily Star (The), Dozens of govt establishments set ablaze, url

  • 1650

    Prothom Alo, Protesters, police clash in capital's Uttara, Mohhamadpur, Badda, 19 July 2024, url

  • 1651

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 207

  • 1652

    Netra News, Schoolboy’s death tied to RAB helicopter’s stun grenade, 8 December 2024, url

  • 1653

    Al Jazeera, At least 17 dead as Bangladesh student protests over jobs intensify, 18 July 2024, url

  • 1654

    Al Jazeera, At least 17 dead as Bangladesh student protests over jobs intensify, 18 July 2024, url; Daily Star (The), Quota reform protests: Overall death toll today rises to 23, 18 July 2024, url

  • 1655

    Al Jazeera, At least 17 dead as Bangladesh student protests over jobs intensify, 18 July 2024, url; Daily Star (The), Quota reform protests: Overall death toll today rises to 23, 18 July 2024, url

  • 1656

    Daily Star (The), Quota reform protests: Overall death toll today rises to 23, 18 July 2024, url

  • 1657

    BSS, Timeline of student-people's 'July uprising', 30 December 2024, url

  • 1658

    Netra News, Key events from a deadly Saturday in besieged Bangladesh, 20 July 2024, url

  • 1659

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 212

  • 1660

    Netra News, Key events from a deadly Saturday in besieged Bangladesh, 20 July 2024, url

  • 1661

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 110

  • 1662

    Prothom Alo, Even his dead body was shot, says Tahmid's father, 27 July 2024, url

  • 1663

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 110

  • 1664

    Dhaka Tribune, How the prison break in Narsingdi unfolded, 25 July 2025, url

  • 1665

    Guardian (The), National curfew imposed in Bangladesh after student protesters storm prison, 19 July 2024, url; Dhaka Tribune, How the prison break in Narsingdi unfolded, 25 July 2025, url

  • 1666

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 110; Daily Star, Narsingdi Jail Attack: How it all unfolded, 25 July 2024, url 

  • 1667

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 110

  • 1668

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 109

  • 1669

    Business Standard (The), 'Why did police kill my son?': Mother seeks answer for journo Turab killed during clashes in Sylhet, 26 July 2024, url

  • 1670

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 185

  • 1671

    UN OHCHR, Human Rights Violations and Abuses Related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh, 12 February 2025, url, para. 185; Business Standard (The), 'Why did police kill my son?': Mother seeks answer for journo Turab killed during clashes in Sylhet, 26 July 2024, url