Annex 1: Bibliography

• Map. 2. Somalia - Approximate Territorial Control, 1 April 2023, Political Geography Now
   
• Map 3. Somalia - Approximate Territorial Control, 31 March 2025, Political Geography Now
   
• Map 5. IPIS, Distribution of violent checkpoint-related incidents (2020-2023), April 2023, url

• Farhia Mohamud, Telephone interview with EUAA, 19 March 2025. Farhia Mohamud is a researcher and Hirshabelle political and security analyst at Somali Public Agenda, a leading research organisation based in Mogadishu.
   
• Hoehne, M. V., Interview and email exchange with EUAA, 25 March 2025. Markus Hoehne is a lecturer in social anthropology at the University of Göttingen (Germany), specialised on Somalia, fluent in Somali language, and with many years of experience in conflict-research.
   
• Independent political and security analyst/researcher based in Jubbaland, Telephone interview with EUAA, 18 March 2025. The independent political and security analyst based in Jubbaland works as a consultant and has long-standing experience with conflict analysis.
   
• International humanitarian expert based in Somaliland, Telephone interview with EUAA, 31 March, 3 April 2025. The international humanitarian expert based in Somaliland has decades-long experience in Somalia and in the humanitarian sector in general.
   
• Mohamed Abdullahi, Telephone interview with EUAA, 18 March 2025. Mohamed Abdullahi is the Director of programmes at Horncenter Dialogue for Peace, Governance, and Development (The Horncenter), an independent, not- for-profit organisation based in Dushamared, Galmudug State of Somalia. He is an expert in reconciliation, peace-building, and governance.
   
• Schouten, P., Telephone interview with EUAA, 13 March 2025. Peer Schouten is senior researcher at the Danish Institute for international Studies (DIIS) and the International Peace Information Service (IPIS), with focus on mapping the political economy of checkpoints in conflict.
   
• Somali development scholar based in Puntland, Telephone interview with EUAA, 3 April 2025. The Somali development scholar based in Puntland is a seasoned researcher, university professor, and observer of Somali issues.

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Halqabsi News, Targeted Airstrike Kills High-Ranking Al-Shabaab Leader in Bakool Region, 22 September 2023, https://halqabsi.com/2023/09/targeted-airstrike-kills-high-ranking-al-shabaab/, accessed 10 April 2025

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Hiiraan Online, 102-year-old elder killed in Hiiraan region as clan dispute escalates, 4 February 2025, https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2025/Feb/200113/102_year_old_elder_killed_in_hiiraan_region_as_clan_dispute_escalates.aspx

Hiiraan Online, A landmine explosion kills one civilian, injures another one in Galgadud region, 31 July 2024, https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2024/July/197319/a_landmine_explosion_kills_one_civilian_injures_another_one_in_galgadud_region.aspx, accessed 10 April 2025

Hiiraan Online, A young doctor killed in suspected clan revenge in Mudug region, 10 September 2023, https://hiiraan.com/news4/2023/Sept/192966/a_young_doctor_killed_in_suspected_clan_revenge_in_mudug_region.aspx?utm_source=hiiraan&utm_medium=SomaliNewsUpdateFront, accessed 10 April 2025

Hiiraan Online, Abudwak airport reopens after 2-week closure due to militia threats and political dispute, 10 October 2024, https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2024/Oct/198395/abudwak_airport_reopens_after_2_week_closure_due_to_militia_threats_and_political_dispute.aspx, accessed 10 April 2025

Hiiraan Online, Al-Shabaab attacks military bases near Afgoye in Lower Shabelle region, 20 March 2025, https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2025/Mar/200777/al_shabaab_attacks_military_bases_near_afgoye_in_lower_shabelle_region.aspx, accessed 10 April 2025

Hiiraan Online, Al-Shabaab leaders flee Jilib following intensified airstrikes by Somali forces, 23 March 2025, https://hiiraan.com/news4/2025/Mar/200820/al_shabaab_leaders_flee_jilib_following_intensified_airstrikes_by_somali_forces.aspx, accessed 10 April 2025

Hiiraan Online, Al-Shabaab leaders flee Jilib following intensified airstrikes by Somali forces, 23 March 2025, https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2025/Mar/200820/al_shabaab_leaders_flee_jilib_following_intensified_airstrikes_by_somali_forces.aspx, accessed 10 April 2025

Hiiraan Online, Al-Shabaab recaptures Mudug region towns as Somali government forces withdraw, 11 March 2024, https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2024/Mar/195404/al_shabaab_recaptures_mudug_region_towns_as_somali_government_forces_withdraw.aspx, accessed 10 April 2025

Hiiraan Online, Armed clan militia kill two brothers, injure family in Galgaduud region, 7 August 2024, https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2024/Aug/197431/armed_clan_militia_kill_two_brothers_injure_family_in_galgaduud_region.aspx

Hiiraan Online, Clan militia kills seven soldiers in Middle Shabelle region, two escape, 27 December 2024, https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2024/Dec/199550/clan_militia_kills_seven_soldiers_in_middle_shabelle_region_two_escape.aspx, accessed 10 April 2025

Hiiraan Online, Deadly clan conflict in Mudug leaves four dead, 11 injured, 15 October 2024, https://hiiraan.com/news4/2024/Oct/198475/deadly_clan_conflict_in_mudug_leaves_four_dead_11_injured.aspx, accessed 10 April 2025

Hiiraan Online, Deadly clashes as Puntland forces foil ISIS attack in Bari region, 1 January 2025, https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2025/Jan/199623/puntland_forces_killed_in_repelled_isis_attack_in_bari_region.aspx, accessed 10 April 2025

Hiiraan Online, Death toll rises to eight in suicide bombing in Hiiraan region, 11 August 2023, https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2023/Aug/192578/death_toll_rises_to_eight_in_suicide_bombing_in_hiiraan_region.aspx, accessed 10 April 2025

Hiiraan Online, Ethiopian troops enter Somalia for second time in a month, sparking anxiety among residents, 23 July 2024, https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2024/July/197220/ethiopian_troops_enter_somalia_for_second_time_in_a_month_sparking_anxiety_among_residents.aspx, accessed 10 April 2025

Hiiraan Online, Ethiopian troops reportedly seize airports in Somalia's Gedo region as tensions rise, 10 September 2024, https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2024/Sept/197956/ethiopian_troops_reportedly_seize_airports_in_somalia_s_gedo_region_as_tensions_rise.aspx, accessed 10 April 2025

Hiiraan Online, Federal government recognizes SCC-Khatumo administration, pledges cooperation, 19 October 2023, https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2023/Oct/193444/federal_government_recognizes_scc_khatumo_administration_pledges_cooperation.aspx, accessed 10 April 2025

Hiiraan Online, Five killed as rival clans clash in Hiiraan region, 28 April 2023, https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2023/Apr/191043/five_killed_as_rival_clans_clash_in_hiiraan_region.aspx, accessed 10 April 2025

Hiiraan Online, Five killed, ten wounded as rival clan militias clash in Sanaag region, 26 August 2023, https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2023/Aug/192778/five_killed_ten_wounded_as_rival_clan_militias_clash_in_sanaag_region.aspx, accessed 10 April 2025

Hiiraan Online, Heavy casualties as Somaliland, SSC-Khatumo forces clash in Ain area, 1 November 2024, https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2024/Nov/198740/heavy_casualties_as_somaliland_ssc_khatumo_forces_clash_in_ain_area.aspx, accessed 10 April 2025

Hiiraan Online, Heightened security measures imposed following deadly clan clashes in Somalia's Galgaduud, 10 June 2024, https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2024/Jun/196631/heightened_security_measures_imposed_following_deadly_clan_clashes_in_somalia_s_galgaduud.aspx, accessed 10 April 2025

Hiiraan Online, Hirshabelle President accuses Somali military of establishing illegal checkpoints, 5 April 2023, https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2023/Apr/190688/hirshabelle_president_accuses_somali_military_of_establishing_illegal_checkpoints.aspx, accessed 10 April 2025

Hiiraan Online, Intense clan fighting erupts in Luuq, Somalia, as rival militias clash, 26 February 2025, https://hiiraan.com/news4/2025/Feb/200424/intense_clan_fighting_erupts_in_luuq_somalia_as_rival_militias_clash.aspx, accessed 10 April 2025

Hiiraan Online, Inter-clan conflict erupts on Hiiran-Middle Shabelle border, 18 January 2025, https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2025/Jan/199877/inter_clan_conflict_erupts_on_hiiran_middle_shabelle_border.aspx, accessed 10 April 2025

Hiiraan Online, Inter-clan fighting kills two people in Burhakaba district, 13 April 2024, https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2024/Apr/195849/inter_clan_fighting_kills_two_people_in_burhakaba_district.aspx, accessed 10 April 2025

Hiiraan Online, ISIS attack in Puntland kills one soldier, injures nine, 25 March 2025, https://hiiraan.com/news4/2025/Mar/200851/isis_attack_in_puntland_kills_one_soldier_injures_nine.aspx?utm_source=hiiraan&utm_medium=SomaliNewsUpdateFront, accessed 10 April 2025

Hiiraan Online, ISIS forcing migrants into militancy in Puntland, Somali officials say, 12 February 2025, https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2025/Feb/200222/isis_forcing_migrants_into_militancy_in_puntland_somali_officials_say.aspx, accessed 10 April 2025

Hiiraan Online, Jilib drone strike targets Al-Shabaab amidst leadership feud, 5 December 2023, https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2023/Dec/194047/jilib_drone_strike_targets_al_shabaab_amidst_leadership_feud.aspx, accessed 10 April 2025

Hiiraan Online, Jubbaland forces take over bases vacated by AU troops in Lower Juba, 4 December 2024, https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2024/Dec/199200/jubbaland_forces_take_over_bases_vacated_by_au_troops_in_lower_juba.aspx, accessed 10 April 2025

Hiiraan Online, Jubbaland, Somali leaders back peace talks as Puntland remains silent, 30 March 2025, https://hiiraan.com/news4/2025/Mar/200919/somali_opposition_leaders_endorse_president_s_call_for_consultation_forum.aspx, accessed 10 April 2025

Hiiraan Online, KDF troops in Somalia, SNA kill 40 al Shabaab terrorists, 9 July 2023, https://hiiraan.com/news4/2023/July/192170/kdf_troops_in_somalia_sna_kill_40_al_shabaab_terrorists.aspx, accessed 10 April 2025

Hiiraan Online, Landmine explosion kills two civilians in Gedo region, 16 May 2024, https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2024/May/196304/landmine_explosion_kills_two_people_in_gedo_region.aspx, accessed 10 April 2025

Hiiraan Online, Ma’awisley militia strikes Al-Shabaab stronghold in El Buur, 18 February 2025, https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2025/Feb/200303/ma_awisley_militia_strikes_al_shabaab_stronghold_in_el_buur.aspx, accessed 10 April 2025

Hiiraan Online, Prime Minister Barre praises Somali forces for retaking Bulo Haji area from al-Shabab, 10 June 2024, https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2024/Jun/196637/prime_minister_barre_praises_somali_forces_for_retaking_bulo_haji_area_from_al_shabab.aspx, accessed 10 April 2025

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Hiiraan Online, Puntland increases security in Garowe following fears of Al-Shabaab infiltration, 26 August 2024, https://hiiraan.com/news4/2024/Aug/197702/puntland_increases_security_in_garowe_following_fears_of_al_shabaab_infiltration.aspx, accessed 10 April 2025

Hiiraan Online, Puntland President Deni vows zero tolerance for Al-Shabaab, ISIS resurgence, 9 March 2025, https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2025/Mar/200605/puntland_president_deni_vows_zero_tolerance_for_al_shabaab_isis_resurgence.aspx, accessed 10 April 2025

Hiiraan Online, Puntland seizes 'suicide' drones, arrests 7 linked to Al-Shabaab or ISIS-S, 27 August 2024, https://hiiraan.com/news4/2024/Aug/197716/puntland_seizes_suicide_drones_arrests_7_linked_to_al_shabaab_or_daesh.aspx, accessed 10 April 2025

Hiiraan Online, Puntland war against Daesh displaces frankincense farmers in Bari region, 11 March 2025, https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2025/Mar/200640/puntland_war_against_daesh_displaces_frankincense_farmers_in_bari_region.aspx, accessed 10 April 2025

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Hiiraan Online, Somali Army kills 25 al-Shabab militants, including five foreign fighters in Bakool region, 26 July 2023, https://hiiraan.com/news4/2023/July/192379/somali_army_kills_25_al_shabab_militants_including_five_foreign_fighters_in_bakool_region.aspx, accessed 10 April 2025

Hiiraan Online, Somali army recaptures Geriley military base amid ATMIS troop drawdown, 14 July 2023, https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2023/July/192233/somali_army_recaptures_geriley_military_base_amid_atmis_troop_drawdown.aspx, accessed 10 April 2025

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Hiiraan Online, Somali military blocks Ethiopian troops from entering Beled Hawo district in Gedo region, 6 December 2024, https://hiiraan.ca/news4/2024/Dec/199240/somali_military_blocks_ethiopian_troops_from_entering_beled_hawo_district_in_gedo_region.aspx, accessed 10 April 2025

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Hiiraan Online, Traditional elders demand end to deadly inter-clan clashes in Hiiraan-Middle Shabelle regions, 23 November 2024, https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2024/Nov/199039/elders_demand_end_to_deadly_inter_clan_clashes_in_hiiraan_middle_shabelle_regions.aspx, accessed 10 April 2025

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Horn Observer, Al-Shabaab attack on Mogadishu markets inflicts $4 million in losses amid Government’s failure to protect businesses, 28 August 2024, https://hornobserver.com/articles/2929/Al-Shabaab-Attack-on-Mogadishu-Markets-Inflicts-4-Million-in-Losses-Amid-Governments-Failure-to-Protect-Businesses, accessed 10 April 2025

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Horn Observer, Al-Shabaab Executes 5 Men for Allegedly Spying for U.S., Somalia and Kenya, 15 July 2024, https://hornobserver.com/articles/2847/Al-Shabaab-Executes-5-Men-for-Allegedly-Spying-for-US-Somalia-and-Kenya, accessed 10 April 2025

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Horn Observer, At Least 12 Killed in Roadside Bombing Near Baidoa, Al-Shabaab Claims Responsibility, 17 August 2024, https://hornobserver.com/articles/2904/At-Least-12-Killed-in-Roadside-Bombing-Near-Baidoa-Al-Shabaab-Claims-Responsibility, accessed 10 April 2025

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Horn Observer, ISIS Believed to Engage in Gold Mining in Puntland to Fund Its Activities, 5 January 2025, https://hornobserver.com/articles/3113/ISIS-Believed-to-Engage-in-Gold-Mining-in-Puntland-to-Fund-Its-Activities, accessed 10 April 2025

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Horn Observer, Lower Shabelle Farmers Struggle Between Al-Shabaab Threats and Government Neglect, 29 January 2025, https://hornobserver.com/articles/3155/Lower-Shabelle-Farmers-Struggle-Between-Al-Shabaab-Threats-and-Government-Neglect, accessed 10 April 2025

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SMN (Shabelle Media Network), Jubaland Forces Launch Operation in Lower Juba, Targeting Al-Shabaab, 15 February 2025, https://shabellemedia.com/jubaland-forces-launch-operation-in-lower-juba-targeting-al-shabaab/, accessed 10 April 2025

SMN (Shabelle Media Network), Jubbaland Accuses Somali President of Security Disruption in Gedo, 17 December 2024, https://shabellemedia.com/jubbaland-accuses-somali-president-of-security-disruption-in-gedo/, accessed 10 April 2025

SMN (Shabelle Media Network), Jubbaland Dervish Commander Survives Al-Shabaab Mine Attack in Somali Border Area, 25 November 2024, https://shabellemedia.com/jubbaland-dervish-commander-survives-al-shabaab-mine-attack-in-somali-border-area/, accessed 10 April 2025

SMN (Shabelle Media Network), Jubbaland Forces Strike Al-Shabaab Hideout in Lower Jubba Region, 29 July 2024, https://shabellemedia.com/jubbaland-forces-strike-al-shabaab-hideout-in-lower-jubba-region/, accessed 10 April 2025

SMN (Shabelle Media Network), Mogadishu Expands as President Recognizes Three New Districts, 20 May 2024, https://shabellemedia.com/mogadishu-expands-as-president-recognizes-three-new-districts/, accessed 10 April 2025

SMN (Shabelle Media Network), Nine Somaliland police officers killed in rebel ambush attack, 12 August 2023, https://shabellemedia.com/nine-somaliland-police-officers-killed-in-rebel-ambush-attack/, accessed 10 April 2025

SMN (Shabelle Media Network), SNA Dismantles Al-Shabaab Trenches in Bakool Region Operation – defense ministry, 19 December 2024, https://shabellemedia.com/sna-dismantles-al-shabaab-trenches-in-bakool-region-operation-defense-ministry/, accessed 10 April 2025

SMN (Shabelle Media Network), Somali Army and Local Forces Conduct Operation, 11 Al-Shabaab Members Killed, 13 February 2025, https://shabellemedia.com/somali-army-and-local-forces-conduct-operation-11-al-shabaab-members-killed/, accessed 10 April 2025

SMN (Shabelle Media Network), Somali capital hit by deadly mortar attack amidst tight security, 4 July 2023, https://shabellemedia.com/somali-capital-hit-by-deadly-mortar-attack/, accessed 10 April 2025

SMN (Shabelle Media Network), Somali forces kill four Al-Shabaab militants in Mudug raid, 12 January 2025, https://shabellemedia.com/somali-forces-kill-four-al-shabaab-militants-in-mudug-raid/, accessed 10 April 2025

SMN (Shabelle Media Network), Somali Forces Reclaim Key Areas from Al-Shabaab in Gedo Region, 19 August 2024, https://shabellemedia.com/somali-forces-reclaim-key-areas-from-al-shabaab-in-gedo-region/, accessed 10 April 2025

SMN (Shabelle Media Network), Somali Forces Strike Al-Shabaab Bases, Kill 10 Militants in Southern Mudug, 16 October 2024, https://shabellemedia.com/somali-forces-strike-al-shabaab-bases-kill-10-militants-in-southern-mudug/, accessed 10 April 2025

SMN (Shabelle Media Network), Somali Forces Strike Al-Shabaab in Major Operation Near Hudur, 21 September 2024, https://shabellemedia.com/somali-forces-strike-al-shabaab-in-major-operation-near-hudur/, accessed 10 April 2025

SMN (Shabelle Media Network), Somali National Army Clears Mines, Enhances Connectivity in Galgaduud Region, 14 July 2024, https://shabellemedia.com/somali-national-army-clears-mines-enhances-connectivity-in-galgaduud-region/, accessed 10 April 2025

SMN (Shabelle Media Network), Somali National Army Strikes Blow Against Al-Shabaab in Bakool Operation, 24 July 2024, https://shabellemedia.com/somali-national-army-strikes-blow-against-al-shabaab-in-bakool-operation/, accessed 10 April 2025

SMN (Shabelle Media Network), Somali Officials, Civilians Killed in Heavy Clashes in Gedo’s Baardheere, 5 February 2025, https://shabellemedia.com/somali-officials-civilians-killed-in-heavy-clashes-in-gedos-baardheere/, accessed 10 April 2025

SMN (Shabelle Media Network), Somalia: Mogadishu Security Sweep Targets Potential Threats, 22 October 2024, https://shabellemedia.com/somalia-mogadishu-security-sweep-targets-potential-threats/, accessed 10 April 2025

SMN (Shabelle Media Network), Southwest State Forces Capture militants: A Significant Victory in Fight Against Al-Shabaab, 9 May 2024, https://shabellemedia.com/southwest-state-forces-capture-al-shabaab-members-a-significant-victory-in-somalias-fight-against-terrorism/, accessed 10 April 2025

SMN (Shabelle Media Network), Suspected KDF airstrike reported in Al-Shabaab HQs in southern Somalia, 3 October 2023, https://shabellemedia.com/suspected-kdf-airstrike-reported-in-al-shabaab-hqs-in-southern-somalia/, accessed 10 April 2025

SMN (Shabelle Media Network), Tensions Between Somali Forces and Al-Shabaab Erupt in Sabiid Area, 1 April 2025, https://shabellemedia.com/tensions-between-somali-forces-and-al-shabaab-erupt-in-sabiid-area/, accessed 10 April 2025

SMN (Shabelle Media Network), Tragic Landmine Incident Claims Lives of Children in Somalia, 11 July 2024, https://shabellemedia.com/tragic-landmine-incident-claims-lives-of-children-in-somalia/, accessed 10 April 2025

SMN (Shabelle Media Network), Trump halts U.S. Foreign Aid to Countries Including Somalia, 22 January 2025, https://shabellemedia.com/trump-halts-u-s-foreign-aid-to-countries-including-somalia/, accessed 10 April 2025

SMN (Shabelle Media Network), Two Soldiers Killed in Al-Shabaab Ambush in Somalia’s Lower Shabelle Region, 12 November 2024, https://shabellemedia.com/two-soldiers-killed-in-al-shabaab-ambush-in-somalias-lower-shabelle-region/, accessed 10 April 2025

SMN (Shabelle Media Network), U.S.-Somali Forces Target ISIS in Puntland’s Bari Mountains, 26 March 2025, https://shabellemedia.com/u-s-somali-forces-target-isis-in-puntlands-bari-mountains/, accessed 10 April 2025

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Somali Digest (The), 9 Somaliland soldiers killed in clashes with Garhajis militia, 12 August 2023, https://thesomalidigest.com/9-somaliland-soldiers-killed-in-clashes-with-garhajis-militia/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Al-Shabaab recaptured El Buur, 30 August 2023, https://thesomalidigest.com/breaking-al-shabaab-recaptured-el-buur/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Al-Shabab and Danab Clash in Lower Juba, 22 December 2023, https://thesomalidigest.com/al-shabab-and-danab-clash-in-lower-juba/

Somali Digest (The), Al-Shabab Bombings in Mogadishu, Following Stalled Operations, 3 December 2023, https://thesomalidigest.com/al-shabab-bombings-in-mogadishu-following-stalled-operations/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Al-Shabab Bombs More Mogadishu Businesses Over CCTV Installation, 4 October 2024, https://thesomalidigest.com/al-shabab-bombs-more-mogadishu-businesses-over-cctv-installation/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Al-Shabab Escalates Attacks In and Around Mogadishu, 27 February 2025, https://thesomalidigest.com/al-shabab-escalates-attacks-in-and-around-mogadishu/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Al-Shabab Establishes Bases North of Mogadishu, Temporarily Cleared by Government Forces, 28 September 2024, https://thesomalidigest.com/al-shabab-establishes-bases-north-of-mogadishu-temporarily-cleared-by-government-forces/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Al-Shabab Kills Four Mogadishu Businessmen Over CCTV Installations, 13 October 2024, https://thesomalidigest.com/al-shabab-kills-four-mogadishu-businessmen-over-cctv-installations/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Al-Shabab Launches Attacks on Security Targets in Mogadishu and Lower Shabelle, 28 September 2024, https://thesomalidigest.com/al-shabab-launches-attacks-on-security-targets-in-mogadishu-and-lower-shabelle/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Al-Shabab Regains Strategic Locations in Middle Shabelle Amid Clan Rivalries, 27 April 2024, https://thesomalidigest.com/al-shabab-regains-strategic-locations-in-middle-shabelle-amid-clan-rivalries/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Al-Shabab Resurgence Around Mogadishu Exposes Government Failures, 17 March 2025, https://thesomalidigest.com/al-shabab-resurgence-around-mogadishu-exposes-government-failures/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Al-Shabab Tightens Grip Around Mogadishu’s Suburbs, 24 March 2025, https://thesomalidigest.com/al-shabab-tightens-grip-around-mogadishus-suburbs/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Al-Shabab Tightens Grip Around Mogadishu’s Suburbs, 24 March 2025, https://thesomalidigest.com/al-shabab-tightens-grip-around-mogadishus-suburbs/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), ANALYSIS: The oscillating frontlines in Somalia, 28 August 2023, https://thesomalidigest.com/analysis-the-oscillating-frontlines-in-somalia/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Analysis: The prospect of conflict in the Awdal region, 28 September 2023, https://thesomalidigest.com/analysis-the-prospect-of-conflict-in-the-awdal-region/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Analysis: The risks of Colonel Arre’s return to Somaliland, 23 October 2023, https://thesomalidigest.com/analysis-the-risks-of-colonel-arres-return-to-somaliland/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), At least 2 children killed in suspected KDF airstrike on El Adde, 14 September 2023, https://thesomalidigest.com/at-least-2-children-killed-in-suspected-kdf-airstrike-on-el-adde/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), At least 20 killed in clashes between clan militias in Mudug, 2 October 2023, https://thesomalidigest.com/at-least-20-killed-in-clashes-between-clan-militias-in-mudug/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), ATMIS Bases in Lower Shabelle Attacked by Al-Shabab, 24 August 2024, https://thesomalidigest.com/atmis-bases-in-lower-shabelle-attacked-by-al-shabab/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Balcad: Al-Shabab Attack Exposes Government Fragility, 6 April 2024, https://thesomalidigest.com/balcad-al-shabab-attack-exposes-government-fragility/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Breaking: Awdal announced it is breaking away from Somaliland, 4 September 2023, https://thesomalidigest.com/breaking-awdal-announced-it-is-breaking-away-from-somaliland/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Clan feuds unleashed: 5 children murdered along Somalia-Ethiopia border, 8 August 2023, https://thesomalidigest.com/clans-somalia-ethiopia-children/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Concerns mount over ATMIS withdrawal as Al-Shabaab attacks Giriley base, 5 July 2023, https://thesomalidigest.com/concerns-mount-over-atmis-withdrawal-as-al-shabaab/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Daarul Nim’a: A Symbol of Al-Shabaab’s Power and Government’s Struggling Control, 30 June 2023, https://thesomalidigest.com/daarul-nima-a-symbol-of-al-shabaabs-power-and-governments-struggling-control/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Deadly blast targeted government forces in Beled Hawo, Gedo, 9 October 2023, https://thesomalidigest.com/deadly-blast-targeted-government-forces-in-beled-hawo-gedo/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Debunking the myth of salary delays and road closures in Puntland, 17 August 2023, https://thesomalidigest.com/debunking-the-myth-of-salary-delays-and-road-closures-in-puntland/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Eji Unrest: Somalia’s Battle for Land and Tribal Harmony, 28 January 2024, https://thesomalidigest.com/eji-unrest-somalias-battle-for-land-and-tribal-harmony/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Ethnic clashes in Somaliland escalate, threaten civil war, 19 September 2023, https://thesomalidigest.com/ethnic-clashes-in-somaliland-escalate-threaten-civil-war/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), FGS Advances Jubaland Destabilization, Igniting Conflict in Gedo, 23 December 2024, https://thesomalidigest.com/fgs-advances-jubaland-destabilization-igniting-conflict-in-gedo/

Somali Digest (The), Ga’an Libaah Movement increases territorial gains, 8 September 2023, https://thesomalidigest.com/gaan-libaah-movement-increases-territorial-gains/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Gorgor Forces in Crisis: Desertions and Leadership Failures, 28 March 2024, https://thesomalidigest.com/gorgor-forces-in-crisis-desertions-and-leadership-failures/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Government forces backed by Ma’awisley make gains in Mudug, 17 September 2023, https://thesomalidigest.com/government-forces-backed-by-maawisley-make-gains-in-mudug/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), IED explosion claims lives of 8 family members: Al-Shabaab suspected, 11 July 2023, https://thesomalidigest.com/ied-explosion-claims-lives-of-8/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Islamic State in Somalia Strategically Takes over Al Miskaad, 21 April 2024, https://thesomalidigest.com/islamic-state-in-somalia-strategically-takes-over-al-miskaad/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Jubaland Triumphs: How Reckless FGS Tactics Crumbled in Ras Kamboni, 11 Dec 2024, https://thesomalidigest.com/jubaland-triumphs-how-reckless-fgs-tactics-crumbled-in-ras-kamboni/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Land disputes turn deadly: Abgal subclans clash in Middle Shabelle, 23 July 2023, https://thesomalidigest.com/abgal-middle-shabelle-subclans/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Ma’awisley to take lead in the fight against Al-Shabaab, 13 September 2023, https://thesomalidigest.com/maawisley-to-take-lead-in-the-fight-against-al-shabaab/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Major Mohamed Noor, Brigade Commander in Bay, Killed by IED, 15 June 2024, https://thesomalidigest.com/major-mohamed-noor-brigade-commander-in-bay-killed-by-ied/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Mogadishu Offers What It Doesn’t Control in Desperate Bid for U.S. Support, 28 March 2025, https://thesomalidigest.com/mogadishu-offers-what-it-doesnt-control-in-desperate-bid-for-u-s-support/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Mystery surrounds destruction of vital water source in El Garas, 14 September 2023, https://thesomalidigest.com/mystery-surrounds-destruction-of-vital-water-source-in-el-garas/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), New insurgency inside Somaliland? Unidentified militia clashed with Somaliland forces in Golis Mountains, 30 July 2023, https://thesomalidigest.com/insurgency-somaliland-militia-bihi/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Political Appointments Ignite Unrest in Gedo, 21 June 2023, https://thesomalidigest.com/political-appointments-ignite-unrest-in-gedo/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), President Deni Declares Final Offensive in War Against ISIS in Puntland, 28 February 2025, https://thesomalidigest.com/president-deni-declares-final-offensive-in-war-against-isis-in-puntland/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Puntland Unleashes ‘Hilac’ Offensive, Targeting IS-Somalia and Al-Shabab, 26 December 2024, https://thesomalidigest.com/puntland-unleashes-hilac-offensive-targeting-is-somalia-and-al-shabab/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Puntland Unleashes ‘Hilac’ Offensive, Targeting IS-Somalia and Al-Shabab, 26 December 2024, https://thesomalidigest.com/puntland-unleashes-hilac-offensive-targeting-is-somalia-and-al-shabab/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Qoryoley Clashes Reveal Clan Mobilization Consequences, 19 June 2024, https://thesomalidigest.com/qoryoley-clashes-reveal-clan-mobilization-consequences/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Somali government makes a strategic move by recognizing SSC-Khaatumo, 19 October 2023, https://thesomalidigest.com/somali-government-makes-a-strategic-move-by-recognizing-ssc-khaatumo/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Somali government makes a strategic move by recognizing SSC-Khaatumo, 19 October 2023, https://thesomalidigest.com/somali-government-makes-a-strategic-move-by-recognizing-ssc-khaatumo/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Somali government makes a strategic move by recognizing SSC-Khaatumo, 19 October 2023, https://thesomalidigest.com/somali-government-makes-a-strategic-move-by-recognizing-ssc-khaatumo/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Somaliland: Secessionist Rhetoric Amidst Territorial and Diplomatic Setbacks, 18 May 2024, https://thesomalidigest.com/somaliland-secessionist-rhetoric-amidst-territorial-and-diplomatic-setbacks/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Tensions flare: Clashes erupted in Ayn region and Erigavo, 8 October 2023, https://thesomalidigest.com/tensions-flare-clashes-erupted-in-ayn-region-and-erigavo/, accessed 10 April 2025

Somali Digest (The), Twin Bombings Strike at the Heart of Security Operations near Bardhere Airport, 21 June 2023, https://thesomalidigest.com/twin-bombings-strike-at-the-heart-of-security-operations-near-bardhere-airport/, accessed 10 April 2025

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