Home COI Report - Syria: Country Focus 3. International involvement Table of Contents Acknowledgements Disclaimer Glossary and abbreviations Introduction Methodology Defining the terms of reference Collecting information Quality control Sources Sources on security incidents Sources on civilian casualties Map 1. Political and human rights developments 1.1. Overview of conflicts 1.2. Political developments 1.2.1. Fall of the Assad government 1.2.2. Governance under the Transitional Administration 1.3.Treatment of certain profiles and groups of the population 1.3.1. Persons affiliated with the government of Bashar Al-Assad 1.3.2. Alawites 1.3.3. Kurds 1.3.4. Other religious and ethnic minorities 1.3.5. Women 1.3.6. Children 1.3.7. LGBTIQ persons 2. Armed actors 2.1. Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) and allied groups 2.2. Syrian National Army (SNA) 2.3. Other armed groups 2.4. Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) 2.5. ISIL 3. International involvement 3.1.Türkiye 3.2. Russia 3.3. Iran and pro-Iranian militias 3.4. US-led coalition 3.5. Israel 4. Recent security trends 4.1. Areas under the control of the Transitional Administration 4.1.1. Criminality, lawlessness and sectarian violence 4.1.2. Coastal areas 4.1.3. ISIL insurgency 4.1.4. Afrin area 4.1.5. Southern Syria 4.2. Areas under the control of the Syrian National Army (SNA) 4.3. Areas under the control of the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) 4.4. Impact of the Israel-Hamas war on the security in Syria 4.5. Impact of violence on the civilian population 4.5.1. Security incidents 4.5.2. Tactics and weapons used 4.5.3. Civilian fatalities 4.5.4. Conflict related infrastructure damage and explosive remnants of war 4.5.5. Displacement and return 4.5.6. Returns from abroad Annex 1: Bibliography Public sources Annex 2: Terms of Reference Citation Please cite as: EUAA, '3. International involvement' in COI Report - Syria: Country Focus, March 2025. Copy Share Print 3.1. Türkiye 3.2. Russia 3.3. Iran and pro-Iranian militias 3.4. US-LED coalition 3.5. Israel Book traversal links for 3. International involvement Previous Parent Next
