Relevant case law

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Please note that this country guidance document has been replaced by a more recent one. The latest versions of country guidance documents are available at /country-guidance.

Case law referenced in the common analysis includes:

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Actors of persecution or serious harm	■ CJEU, Mohamed M’Bodj v État belge, case C-542/13, judgment of 18 December 2014, Grand Chambe (M’Bodj)
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Religion	■ CJEU, Bundesrepublik Deutschland v Y and Z, joined cases C-71/11 and C-99/11, Judgment of 5 September 2012, Grand Chamber (Y and Z)
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Membership of a particular social group	■ CJEU, Minister voor Immigratie en Asiel v X and Y and Z v Minister voor Immigratie en Asiel, joined cases C-199/12 to C-201/12 Judgment of 7 November 2013 (X, Y and Z)
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Article 15(b) QD	■ CJEU, MP v Secretary of State for the Home Department, case C-353/16, judgment of 24 April 2018 (MP) ■ CJEU, M’Bodj
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Indiscriminate violence in relation to armed conflict (Article 15(c) QD)	■ CJEU, Aboubacar Diakité v. Commissaire général aux réfugiés et aux apatrides, C-285/12, Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber) of 30 January 2014 (Diakité) ■ CJEU, Elgafaji v. Staatssecretaris van Justitie, C-465/07,Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 17 February 2009 (Elgafaji) ■ ECtHR, Sufi and Elmi v. United Kingdom, Applications nos.8319/07 and 11449/07, Judgment of 28 June 2011 (Sufi and Elmi)
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Internal protection alternative	■ CJEU, X, Y and Z ■ CJEU, Y and Z ■ CJEU, Abdulla and Others v Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Joined Cases C-175/08, C-176/08, C-178/08 and C-179/08, Judgment of 2 March 2010 (Abdulla) ■ ECtHR, A.A.M. v Sweden, Application no. 68519/10, Judgment of 3 April 2014 (A.A.M v Sweden) ■ ECtHR, Salah Sheekh v the Netherlands, Application no.1948/04, Judgment of 11 January 2007 (Salah Sheekh)
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Exclusion	■ CJEU, Commissaire général aux réfugiés et aux apatrides v Mostafa Lounani, Case C-573/14, Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 31 January 2017 (Lounani) ■ CJEU, Bundesrepublik Deutschland v B and D, Joined Cases C-57/09 and C-101/09, Judgment of 9 November 2010 (B and D) ■ ICTY (Appeals Chamber), Prosecutor v Kunarac et al., IT-96-23 and IT-96-23/1-A, Judgment of 12 June 2002 ■ ICTY, Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadic aka "Dule" (Opinion and Judgment), IT-94-1-T, Judgment of 7 May 1997 ■ ICTR, The Prosecutor v. Jean-Paul Akayesu (Trial Judgment), ICTR-96-4-T, Judgment of 2 September 1998
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For additional information on relevant case law see:

EASO Practical Guides:

Available at: /practical-tools

■ EASO Practical Guide: Qualification for international protection

■ EASO Practical Guide: Exclusion

Judicial analyses:

Available at: /courts-and-tribunals

■ Judicial Analysis ‘Qualification for International Protection (Directive 2011/95/EU)

■ Judicial Analysis ‘Article 15(c) Qualification Directive (2011/95/EU)

■ Judicial Analysis ‘Exclusion: Articles 12 and 17 Qualification Directive (2011/95/EU)