This section focuses on the application of the provision of Article 15(c) QD. Under Article 2(f) QD in conjunction with Article 15(c) QD, subsidiary protection is granted where ‘substantial grounds have been shown for believing that the person would face a real risk of suffering serious harm’ defined as ‘serious and individual threat to a civilian’s life or person by reason of indiscriminate violence in situations of international or internal armed conflict’. Each element of the provision is addressed in a separate subsection.

	The contents of this section include:
	Preliminary remarks a. Armed conflict (international or internal) b. Qualification of a person as a ‘civilian’ c. Indiscriminate violence Indicators of indiscriminate violence Indiscriminate violence in Iraq Assessment by province d. Serious and individual threat e. Qualification of the harm as ‘threat to (a civilian’s) life or person f. Nexus/’by reason of’