Home Country Guidance Syria 2023 3. Actors of persecution or serious harm New version of this publication is available Table of Contents Introduction Guidance note Introduction to the situation in Syria The implications of leaving Syria Actors of persecution or serious harm Refugee status Subsidiary protection Article 15(a) QD Article 15(b) QD Article 15(c) QD Actors of protection Internal protection alternative Exclusion Article 12(2)(a) and Article 17(1)(a) QD Article 12(2)(b) and Article 17(1)(b) QD Article 12(2)(c) and Article 17(1)(c) QD Article 17(1)(d) QD Common analysis 1. Introduction to the situation in Syria 2. The implications of leaving Syria 3. Actors of persecution or serious harm 3.1. Map: areas of control and influence 3.2. The Government of Syria and associated armed groups 3.3. Syrian Democratic Forces and Asayish 3.4. Anti-government armed groups 3.5. Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) 3.6. Other non-State actors 4. Refugee status General remarks 4.1. Persons perceived to be opposing the government 4.1.1. Political dissent and opposition in Syria 4.1.2. Members of anti-government armed groups 4.1.3. Political activists, opposition party members and protesters 4.1.4. Civilians originating from areas associated with opposition to the government 4.2. Persons who evaded or deserted military service 4.2.1. Military service: overview 4.2.2. Draft evaders 4.2.3. Military deserters and defectors 4.3. Persons with perceived links to ISIL 4.4. Members of and persons perceived to be collaborating with the SDF and YPG 4.5. Persons perceived to be opposing the SDF/YPG 4.6. Persons fearing forced or child recruitment by Kurdish forces 4.7. Persons associated with the Government of Syria 4.7.1. Government of Syria officials, members of the SAA and pro-government armed groups 4.7.2. Civilians perceived to be supporting the government 4.8. Journalists, other media professionals and human rights activists 4.9. Doctors, other medical personnel and civil defence volunteers 4.10. Ethno-religious groups 4.10.1. Sunni Arabs 4.10.2. Kurds 4.10.3. Druze 4.10.4. Alawites 4.10.5. Christians 4.10.6. Yazidis 4.10.7. Palestinians 4.11. Women and girls 4.11.1. The situation of women in the Syrian society 4.11.2. Violence against women and girls: overview 4.11.3. Forced and child marriage 4.11.4. Women perceived to have violated family honour 4.11.5. Single women and female-headed households 4.12. Children 4.12.1. Violence against children: overview 4.12.2. Child recruitment 4.12.3. Child labour 4.12.4. Child marriage 4.12.5. Access to education 4.12.6. Lack of documentation 4.13. LGBTIQ persons 5. Subsidiary protection 5.1. Article 15(a) QD: death penalty or execution 5.2. Article 15(b) QD: torture or inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment 5.2.1. Healthcare and socio-economic conditions 5.2.2. Arbitrary arrests, illegal detention and prison conditions 5.2.3. Criminal violence 5.3. Article 15(c) QD: indiscriminate violence in situations of armed conflict 5.3.1. Preliminary remarks 5.3.2. Armed conflict (international or internal) 5.3.3. Qualification of a person as a ‘civilian’ 5.3.4. Indiscriminate violence: general approach Indiscriminate violence in Syria Aleppo Damascus Dar'a Deir Ez-Zor Hama Hasaka Homs Idlib Latakia Quneitra Raqqa Rural Damascus Sweida Tartous 5.3.5. Serious and individual threat 5.3.6. Qualification of the harm as ‘threat to (a civilian’s) life or person' 5.3.7. Nexus/’by reason of’ 6. Actors of protection 6.1. The State 6.2. Parties or organisations 7. Internal protection alternative Preliminary remarks 7.1. Part of the country 7.2. Safety 7.3. Travel and admittance 7.4. Reasonableness to settle 7.4.1. General situation 7.4.2. Individual circumstances 7.4.3. Conclusions on reasonableness 8. Exclusion 8.1. Relevant circumstances 8.1.1. The Syrian intervention in the Lebanese civil war and presence in Lebanon (1976 – 2005) 8.1.2. The Muslim Brotherhood Uprising in Syria (1979-1982) which comprised the Hama massacre (February 1982) 8.1.3. Current conflicts (2011 – ongoing) 8.1.4. Criminality 8.2. Guidance with regard to Syria 8.2.1. Article 12(2)(a) and Article 17(1)(a) QD 8.2.2. Article 12(2)(b) and Article 17(1)(b) QD 8.2.3. Article 12(2)(c) and Article 17(1)(c) QD 8.2.4. Article 17(1)(d) QD Annex I. Abbreviations and glossary Annex II. Country of origin information references Share Print COMMON ANALYSIS Last update: February 2023 Article 6 QD The contents of this section include: 3.1. Map: areas of control and influence 3.2. The Government of Syria and associated armed groups 3.3. Syrian Democratic Forces and Asayish 3.4. Anti-government armed groups 3.5. Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) 3.6. Other non-State actors Book traversal links for 3. Actors of persecution or serious harm Previous Parent Next
