Relevant case law | European Union Agency for Asylum

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Case law referenced in the common analysis
Actors of persecution or serious harm	CJEU, Mohamed M’Bodj v État belge, C-542/13, judgment of 18 December 2014, Grand Chamber (M’Bodj)
Persecution - military evasion/ desertion	CJEU, Andre Lawrence Shepherd v Bundesrepublik Deutschland, C‑472/13, judgment of 26 February 2015, Second Chamber (Shepherd) CJEU, EZ v Federal Republic of Germany, represented by the Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge, Case C‑238/19, judgment of 19 November 2021 (EZ)
Reasons for persecution - religion	CJEU, Bundesrepublik Deutschland v Y and Z, joined cases C-71/11 and C-99/11, judgment of 5 September 2012, Grand Chamber (Y and Z)
Reasons for persecution - membership of a particular social group	CJEU, Minister voor Immigratie en Asiel v X and Y and Z v Minister voor Immigratie en Asiel, joined cases C-199/12 to C-201/12, judgment of 7 November 2013 (X, Y and Z)
Article 12(1)(a) QD	CJEU, Mostafa Abed El Karem El Kott and Others v Bevándorlási és Állampolgársági Hivatal, C-364/11, judgment of 19 December 2012 (El-Kott) CJEU, Bolbol v Bevándorlási és Állampolgársági Hivatal, C-31/09, judgment of 17 June 2010 (Bolbol) CJEU, Bundesrepublik Deutschland v XT, C-507/19, judgment of 13 January 2021 (XT)
Article 15(b) QD	CJEU, MP v Secretary of State for the Home Department, C-353/16, judgment of 24 April 2018 (MP) CJEU, M’Bodj
Indiscriminate violence in relation to armed conflict (Article 15(c) QD)	CJEU, CF and DN v Bundesrepublik Deutschland, C-901/19, judgment of 10 June 2021(CF and DN) CJEU, Aboubacar Diakité v Commissaire général aux réfugiés et aux apatrides, C-285/12, judgment of 30 January 2014, Fourth Chambe (Diakité) CJEU, Elgafaji v Staatssecretaris van Justitie, C-465/07, judgment of 17 February 2009, Grand Chamber (Elgafaji) ECtHR, Sufi and Elmi v United Kingdom, Applications nos. 8319/07 and 11449/07, judgment of 28 June 2011 (Sufi and Elmi)
Internal protection alternative	CJEU, X, Y and Z CJEU, Y and Z CJEU, Abdulla and Others v Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Joined Cases C-175/08, C-176/08, C-178/08 and C-179/08, judgment of 2 March 2010 (Abdulla) ECtHR, A.A.M. v Sweden, Application no. 68519/10, judgment of 3 April 2014 (A.A.M v Sweden) ECtHR, Salah Sheekh v the Netherlands, Application no. 1948/04, judgment of 11 January 2007 (Salah Sheekh) Sufi and Elmi
Exclusion	CJEU, Shajin Ahmed v Bevándorlási és Menekültügyi Hivatal, C-369/17, judgment of 13 September 2018 (Ahmed) CJEU, Commissaire général aux réfugiés et aux apatrides v Mostafa Lounani, Case C-573/14, judgment of 31 January 2017, Grand Chamber (Lounani) CJEU, Bundesrepublik Deutschland v B and D, Joined Cases C-57/09 and C-101/09, judgment of 9 November 2010 (B and D) ICC, The Prosecutor v Germain Katanga, ICC-01/04-01/07, judgment of 7 March 2014 (Katanga) ICTY (Appeals Chamber), Prosecutor v Kunarac et al., IT-96-23 and IT-96-23/1-A, judgment of 12 June 2002 ICTY, Prosecutor v Dusko Tadic aka "Dule" (Opinion and Judgment), IT-94-1-T, judgment of 7 May 1997 ICTR, The Prosecutor v Jean-Paul Akayesu (Trial Judgment), ICTR-96-4-T, judgment of 2 September 1998

For additional information on relevant case law see:

EASO Practical guides

Available at: /practical-tools

EASO Practical Guide: Qualification for international protection
EASO Practical Guide: Exclusion
EASO Guidance on membership of a particular social group
EASO Practical guide on the application of the internal protection alternative

Judicial analyses

Available at: /courts-and-tribunals

Judicial analysis ‘Qualification for International Protection (Directive 2011/95/EU)’
Judicial analysis ‘Article 15(c) Qualification Directive (2011/95/EU)’
Judicial analysis ‘Exclusion: Articles 12 and 17 Qualification Directive (2011/95/EU)’