- Introduction
- Guidance note
- Common analysis
- General remarks, including the implications of leaving Syria
- 1. Actors of persecution or serious harm
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2. Refugee status
- Preliminary remarks
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Analysis of particular profiles
- 2.1. Persons perceived to be opposing the government
- 2.2. Persons who evaded or deserted military service
- 2.3. Persons with perceived links to ISIL
- 2.4. Members of and persons perceived to be collaborating with the SDF and YPG
- 2.5. Persons perceived to be opposing the SDF/YPG
- 2.6. Persons fearing forced or child recruitment by Kurdish forces
- 2.7. Persons associated with the Government of Syria
- 2.8. Journalists, other media professionals and citizen journalists
- 2.9. Human rights activists
- 2.10. Doctors, other medical personnel and civil defence volunteers
- 2.11. Ethno-religious groups
- 2.12. Women
- 2.13. Children
- 2.14. LGBTI persons
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3. Subsidiary protection
- 3.1. Article 15(a) QD
- 3.2. Article 15(b) QD
- 3.3. Article 15(c) QD
- 4. Actors of protection
- 5. Internal protection alternative
- 6. Exclusion
- Abbreviations and glossary
- COI references
- Relevant case law
Neither the QD, nor the CJEU in its jurisprudence, have defined the terms ‘threat to (a civilian’s) life or person’.
The CJEU has held that Article 15(c) QD has an additional scope to Article 3 ECHR and, therefore, has to be interpreted independently, but with due regard to fundamental rights as they are guaranteed under the ECHR.[43]
By comparing the provisions of Article 15(a) and (b) QD, which indicate a particular type of harm, with the provision of Article 15(c) QD, the CJEU further concludes that the harm under the latter,
(...) covers a more general risk of harm. Reference is made, more generally, to a ‘threat … to a civilian’s life or person’ rather than to specific acts of violence. Furthermore, that threat is inherent in a general situation of ‘international or internal armed conflict’.[44]
Some of the commonly reported types of harm to civilians’ life or person in Syria include killing, injury, abduction, child recruitment, explosive remnants of war, etc.