- Introduction
- Guidance note
- Common analysis
- General remarks, including the implications of leaving Syria
- 1. Actors of persecution or serious harm
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2. Refugee status
- Preliminary remarks
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Analysis of particular profiles
- 2.1. Persons perceived to be opposing the government
- 2.2. Persons who evaded or deserted military service
- 2.3. Persons with perceived links to ISIL
- 2.4. Members of and persons perceived to be collaborating with the SDF and YPG
- 2.5. Persons perceived to be opposing the SDF/YPG
- 2.6. Persons fearing forced or child recruitment by Kurdish forces
- 2.7. Persons associated with the Government of Syria
- 2.8. Journalists, other media professionals and citizen journalists
- 2.9. Human rights activists
- 2.10. Doctors, other medical personnel and civil defence volunteers
- 2.11. Ethno-religious groups
- 2.12. Women
- 2.13. Children
- 2.14. LGBTI persons
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3. Subsidiary protection
- 3.1. Article 15(a) QD
- 3.2. Article 15(b) QD
- 3.3. Article 15(c) QD
- 4. Actors of protection
- 5. Internal protection alternative
- 6. Exclusion
- Abbreviations and glossary
- COI references
- Relevant case law
[Security 2020, Annex II]
Islamist resistance to the Assad government grew in 1979-1981. After the Islamic Revolution in Iran, Muslim groups instigated uprisings and riots in Aleppo, Homs and Hama. The Muslim Brotherhood attempted to topple the Assad regime with targeted killings, guerrilla warfare and large-scale uprisings. Between 1979 and 1981, Muslim Brotherhood militants killed over 300 Assad supporters in Aleppo alone; Syrian forces responded by killing 2 000 members of the Muslim Brotherhood.
In February 1982, the Muslim Brotherhood attacks on the government and the uprising in the city of Hama were suppressed in a month-long siege by the army. Many civilians were killed. Special forces belonging to the intelligence services, in particular the ‘Defence Brigades’ (Sirayat al-difa’) commanded by Rif’at al-Assad, President Hafez al-Assad’s brother, are reported to have carried out massive arrests of civilians, as well as torture and executions.