- Introduction
- Guidance note
- Common analysis
- General remarks, including the implications of leaving Syria
- 1. Actors of persecution or serious harm
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2. Refugee status
- Preliminary remarks
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Analysis of particular profiles
- 2.1. Persons perceived to be opposing the government
- 2.2. Persons who evaded or deserted military service
- 2.3. Persons with perceived links to ISIL
- 2.4. Members of and persons perceived to be collaborating with the SDF and YPG
- 2.5. Persons perceived to be opposing the SDF/YPG
- 2.6. Persons fearing forced or child recruitment by Kurdish forces
- 2.7. Persons associated with the Government of Syria
- 2.8. Journalists, other media professionals and citizen journalists
- 2.9. Human rights activists
- 2.10. Doctors, other medical personnel and civil defence volunteers
- 2.11. Ethno-religious groups
- 2.12. Women
- 2.13. Children
- 2.14. LGBTI persons
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3. Subsidiary protection
- 3.1. Article 15(a) QD
- 3.2. Article 15(b) QD
- 3.3. Article 15(c) QD
- 4. Actors of protection
- 5. Internal protection alternative
- 6. Exclusion
- Abbreviations and glossary
- COI references
- Relevant case law
Subsidiary protection under Article 15(c) QD is granted to any person in respect of whom substantial grounds have been shown for believing that he or she, if returned, would face a real risk of a serious and individual threat to his or her life or person by reason of indiscriminate violence.
The nexus ‘by reason of’ refers to the causal link between the indiscriminate violence and the harm (serious threat to a civilian’s life or person).
The interpretation of the causation ‘by reason of’ may not be limited to harm which is directly caused by the indiscriminate violence or by acts that emanate from the actors in the conflict. To a certain extent, it may also include the indirect effect of indiscriminate violence in situations of armed conflict. As long as there is a demonstrable link to the indiscriminate violence, such elements may be taken into account in the assessments, for example: widespread criminal violence as a result of lawlessness, destruction of the necessary means to survive, destruction of infrastructure, denial of or limited access of humanitarian aid, limited access to healthcare facilities.