COMMON ANALYSIS
Last update: November 2024
A real risk of violent crime, such as abduction and murder would meet the requirements under Article 15(b) QD/QR. Where there is no nexus to a reason for persecution under the refugee definition, but there is a reasonable degree of likelihood for the individual to face violent crime, this risk would qualify under Article 15(b) QD/QR. Criminal activity in Iraq is widely reported. Actors such as PMF and tribes have reportedly engage in criminality [Security 2024, 1.4, 2.13, 2.14, 2.17].