COMMON ANALYSIS
Last update: June 2022
Minor updates added: November 2024
Article 12(2)(b) QD and Article 17(1)(b) QD
Article 12(2)(b) QR and Article 17(1)(b)QR
Criminal activity in Iraq is widely reported, including kidnappings, assassinations, drug trafficking and trafficking in human beings. Such serious (non-political) crimes would trigger consideration of the application of Article 12(2)(b)/Article 17(1)(b) QD/QR.
Violence against women and children (for example, in relation to domestic violence, honour-based violence, forced and child marriage, FGM) could also potentially amount to a serious (non-political) crime.
Some serious (non-political) crimes could be linked to an armed conflict (e.g. if committed in order to finance the activities of armed groups) or could amount to fundamentally inhumane acts committed as a part of a systematic or widespread attack against a civilian population, in which case they should instead be examined under Article 12(2)(a)/Article 17(1)(a) QD/QR.