Relevant case law

Case law referenced in the common analysis

Actors of persecution or serious harm

•	CJEU, Mohamed M’Bodj v État belge, C-542/13, judgment of 18 December 2014
•	(M’Bodj)

Reasons for persecution - religion

•	CJEU, Bundesrepublik Deutschland v Y and Z, Joined Cases C-71/11 and C-99/11, judgment of 5 September 2012
•	(Y and Z)

Reasons for persecution – membership of a particular social group

•	CJEU, Minister voor Immigratie en Asiel v X and Y and Z v Minister voor Immigratie en Asiel, Joined Cases C-199/12 to C-201/12 judgment of 7 November 2013
•	(X, Y and Z)

Article 15(b) QD

•	CJEU, MP v Secretary of State for the Home Department, C-353/16, judgment of 24 April 2018
•	(MP)
•	(M’Bodj)

Article 15(c) QD

•	CJEU, CF and DN v Bundesrepublik Deutschland, C-901/19, judgment of 10 June 2021
•	(CF and DN)
•	CJEU, Aboubacar Diakité v Commissaire général aux réfugiés et aux apatrides, C-285/12, judgment of 30 January 2014
•	(Diakité)
•	CJEU, Elgafaji v Staatssecretaris van Justitie, C-465/07, judgment of 17 February 2009
•	(Elgafaji)
•	ECtHR, Sufi and Elmi v United Kingdom, Applications nos. 8319/07 and 11449/07, judgment of 28 June 2011
•	(Sufi and Elmi)

Internal protection alternative

•	CJEU, X, Y and Z
•	CJEU, Y and Z
•	CJEU, Abdulla and Others v Bundesrepublik Deutschland, joined cases C-175/08, C-176/08, C-178/08 and C-179/08, judgment of 2 March 2010
•	(Abdulla)
•	ECtHR, A.A.M. v Sweden, Application no. 68519/10, judgment of 3 April 2014
•	(A.A.M v Sweden)
•	ECtHR, Salah Sheekh v the Netherlands, Application no. 1948/04, judgment of 11 January 2007
•	(Salah Sheekh)
•	Sufi and Elmi

Exclusion

•	CJEU, Shajin Ahmed v Bevándorlási és Menekültügyi Hivatal, C-369/17, judgment of 13 September 2018
•	(Ahmed)
•	CJEU, Commissaire général aux réfugiés et aux apatrides v Mostafa Lounani, C-573/14, judgment of 31 January 2017
•	(Lounani)
•	CJEU, Bundesrepublik Deutschland v B and D, joined cases C-57/09 and C-101/09, judgment of 9 November 2010
•	(B and D)
•	ICC, The Prosecutor v Germain Katanga, ICC-01/04-01/07, judgment of 7 March 2014
•	(Katanga)
•	ICTY (Appeals Chamber), Prosecutor v Kunarac et al., IT-96-23 and IT-96-23/1-A, judgment of 12 June 2002
•	ICTY, Prosecutor v Dusko Tadic aka “Dule” (Opinion and Judgment), IT-94-1-T, judgment of 7 May 1997
•	ICTR, The Prosecutor v Jean-Paul Akayesu (Trial Judgment), ICTR-96-4-T, judgment of 2 September 1998

For additional information on relevant case law see:

■ EASO Practical Guide: Qualification for international protection

■ EASO Practical Guide: Exclusion

■ EASO Guidance on membership of a particular social group

■ EASO Practical guide on the application of the internal protection alternative

■ Judicial Analysis ‘Qualification for International Protection (Directive 2011/95/EU)

■ Judicial Analysis ‘Article 15(c) Qualification Directive (2011/95/EU)

■ Judicial Analysis ‘Exclusion: Articles 12 and 17 Qualification Directive (2011/95/EU)

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