Al-Shabaab controls large parts of South-Central Somalia and has committed excludable acts in areas under their control as well as in areas under the control of government and state forces. Human rights abuses by Al-Shabaab include, among others:
terrorist attacks on civilians
targeted killings (including extrajudicial and politically motivated killings)
recruitment of children
killing, maiming, abduction, rape and other forms of sexual violence against children
rapes and other types of sexual violence
disappearances
inhuman and degrading punishments
attacks on employees of NGOs and the UN
blockade of humanitarian assistance
attacks on schools and hospitals
operation of courts imposing punishments that include executions and corporal punishments
[Security 2023, 1.4.1., p. 40; Actors, 4.3., pp. 61-65; 4.4., pp. 65-67; 4.5., pp. 66-67]
ISS has been involved in IED attacks and killings in Puntland, Mogadishu and Lower Shabelle. It has also established links with human traffickers to collect new recruits [Actors, 6.1., pp. 74-75].
Clan militias have reportedly perpetrated violence against the civilian population, including torture and degrading treatment. Various human rights violations are attributed to clan militias: child recruitment, deprivation of liberty, killing and maiming of children, rape and (conflict-related) sexual violence, attacks on school and hospitals, abductions, denial of humanitarian access [Security 2023, 1.4.1., p. 42; Actors, 3.6., pp. 56-57].
