2. Refugee status

This chapter provides a brief outline and general considerations with regard to the assessment of applications for international protection in relation to the elements of the refugee definition (Article 2(d) QD) and proceeds with the analysis of information concerning 13 particular profiles of applicants for international protection in relation to qualification for refugee status. For each profile, and in some cases for the relevant sub-profiles, it provides: COI summary, risk analysis (including findings whether the treatment that an individual under this profile risks would amount to persecution and an assessment of the level of risk) and conclusions with regard to the potential nexus to a reason for persecution.

 

The contents of this chapter include:

• Preliminary remarks
• Analysis of particular profiles
  • 2.1. Persons associated with the government of Somalia and/or international actors
    • Overview
    • 2.1.1. Federal and state officials
    • 2.1.2. Members of the federal and state armed forces
    • 2.1.3. Electoral delegates
    • 2.1.4. Civilians perceived as ‘spies’ by Al-Shabaab
  • 2.2. Individuals fearing recruitment by Al-Shabaab and deserters from Al-Shabaab
    • 2.2.1. Persons fearing forced recruitment by Al-Shabaab
    • 2.2.2. Child recruitment by Al-Shabaab
    • 2.2.3. Deserters from Al-Shabaab
  • 2.3. Individuals refusing to pay ‘taxes’ to Al-Shabaab
  • 2.4. Humanitarian workers and human rights defenders
  • 2.5. Journalists
  • 2.6. Individuals (perceived as) contravening social or religious laws/tenets
    • 2.6.1. Individuals (perceived as) contravening Islamic laws in Al-Shabaab controlled areas
    • 2.6.2. Individuals (perceived as) contravening Islamic and customary tenets outside Al-Shabaab controlled areas
  • 2.7. Individuals involved in blood feuds/clan disputes
  • 2.8. Individuals accused of crimes in Somalia
  • 2.9. Minorities
    • Overview
    • 2.9.1. Low status occupational minorities
    • 2.9.2. Ethnic minorities
    • 2.9.3. Groups specialised in religious services
    • 2.9.4. Clans which can be considered minority groups in local contexts
    • 2.9.5. Individuals in mixed marriages
  • 2.10. LGBTIQ persons
  • 2.11. Women and girls
    • 2.11.1. Violence against women and girls: overview
    • 2.11.2. Violence by Al-Shabaab
    • 2.11.3. Child marriage and forced marriage
    • 2.11.4. Female genital mutilation or cutting (FGM/C)
    • 2.11.5. Women and girls in clan conflicts
    • 2.11.6. Single women and female heads of households
  • 2.12. Children
  • 2.13. Persons living with disabilities and persons with severe medical issues